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WSET3 > The Vine > Flashcards

The Vine Flashcards

1
Q

What is the difference between cutting and layering?

A

Cutting this section find shoots that is plenty its point it’s widely used in commercial nursery and cells to grow hours. Layering takes place in the vineyards, is bent down, the section of it is buried in the ground, the cane tip points out of the ground. The cane linking the growth to the original plant. Due risk of phylloxera most growers use cuttings instead of layering

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2
Q

How do you create a new grape variety?

A
  • using cross fertilisation, pollen from the male parts of a flower of one vine Is transferred to the female parts of a flower. The pollinated flowers develops into grape with seeds

= very costly
- genetic material will be different from that of his parents - May have characteristics that are recognisable, but that’s not always the case

Very costly
For commercial use
Fail in the first year, takes 2 to 3 years

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3
Q

What’s crossing?

A

To parents of same species

Vitis vinifera / American oak it’s every grape today

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4
Q

What are the parents of Cabernet Sauvignon?

A

Cabernet Franc

Sauvignon blanc

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5
Q

What are the parents of Muller Thurgau?

A

Riesling + Madeleine Royal

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6
Q

What are hybrids?

A

Vine whose parents come from two different species
Rarely used
Crucial role in winemaking
Rootstocks

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7
Q

What are trellised vineyards?

A

In hot sunny regions, VSP can be adopted
So that the tops of the shoots are not tied in that flap over creating some shades in the canopy to protect the fruit
A producer would choose to use this system rather untrellised bush vine
Because mechanical harvesting can be used

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8
Q

What is density

A

Planting density is the number of friends that are planted in a given area
This is typically expressed at the number of the vines planted per hectare
= enclosed by a square with hundred meter sites
Planting density scan very from as low as 100 vines to as high as 10,000 per Hectare some countries use acres

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9
Q

What density without water availability?

A

Some regions have very low levels of rainfall are limited access to irrigation. In these circumstances low plantings density can be benefitical to take up water from a large volume of soil without having to compete against the roots of neighbouring fines

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10
Q

What’s organic agriculture

A

Many of the same concepts sustainable agriculture Only limited number of the traditional treatments against pests and diseases is allowed.The vineyards must undergo a period of conversion working to organic standards before it can be certified

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11
Q

What’s biodynamic agriculture

A

Based on the work of Rudolf Steiner and Maria Thun.
Adopts organic practices
Also incorporates philosophy and cosmology. The vineyard so is seen a part of a connected system with
- The planet Earth, the air and the other planets
Practitioners practice to cycle of the plants and stars. Homoeopathic remedies cold preparations, are used to fertilise the soil, treat disease, words of pests
Here are also certification bodies for biodynamic algriculture

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12
Q

What is sustainable agriculture

A

Man-made chemicals is not prohibited. There are use is restricted. In courage to understand the life cycles of vineyards pests
Monitor weather forecast
Predict and prevent pest disease outbreak
Pre-daters is encouraged to live in the vineyards to control this population is the vineyards via city is supporting the range of plans evidence for a prodigious people plus provide nutrients

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13
Q

How can the risks be reduced for Fungal diseases

A

By canopy management
Dense shady vine canopy
- restrict airflow
- prevents water from evaporating and creating humid environment
Open canopy
- greater airflow keep it dry as possible
- this has added financial and environmental advantages of reducing the usage of chemical sprays
- They can reach into all parts of the canopy

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14
Q

How can viruses affect the grape?

A

Virus can affect, does not kill.
Limiting the vine its ability to function
Dramatically reduce yields and quality hi contagious and persistent
There is no treatments
Eradicate by digging up and sanitising

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15
Q

What’s the effect on bacterial diseases on the grape

A

There’s are large number of bacteria
Can also insects are vine
Many readers great quality, others kill the vine
Are spread by small insects, sharpshooters
There is no treatment
Only, strict quarantine prods and interrupting the lifestyle of sharpshooters
Once a vine is infected the only solution is digging up the vine and sanitising the lands

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16
Q

How can birds in mammals the vineyard

A

Both consume large volumes of grapes
Have eaten crushed grapes
- increased risk of fungal disease
! Netting is the best option against the birds, protective fencing, to the mammals

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17
Q

What is mammals

A

Rabbits
Dear
Wild boar

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18
Q

How can insects effect the vineyard

A

Sit on both grapes and leaves
Regular spraying insecticide
A more environmentally friendly technique is pest management

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19
Q

How can Downey and powdery mildew effect the vineyard

A

This fungi thrive in a warm and humid confinement
Can affect all of the green parts leaves and grapes
Losing fruity flavours and give bitter taint

20
Q

What is grey rot

A 
It’s caused by botrytis cinerea
Thrives in damp conditions
Taint grape flavours
Lead to colour loss with black grapes
On the white grapes, it can be beneficial
- produce sweet wines
- The finest of the world, noble rot
21
Q

How can a fungal disease be controlled using chemicals sprays

A
  • thrives in them conditions and attract grapes
  • sulphur based spray for powdery mildew
  • copper-based spray for downy mildew
  • usually by tractor
  • maritime climates only
    • high rainfall during growing season
      Stop close to harvest time
      no harmful chemicals in the wine
22
Q

What are pests

A
  • Phylloxera

- nematodes

23
Q

What are nematodes

A

Microscopic worms
- attack the roots of vines
- interfering with water and nutrients uptake
- vine viruses
The treatment is prevention is better than cure, sensitising soil plus using resistance rootstock can be successful

24
Q

What is green harvesting

A

If yields are going to be high, they can be reduced by removing immature grapes, shortly after veraison

25
Q

Why is green harvesting risky

A

If it’s done at the wrong time the vine will compensate the loss by increasing the size of the grapes that have been retained

This can only returned the yields to the original size, but will also dilute to the flavours in the retaining grapes

26
Q

What is continentality

A

It’s the difference between the coldest and the hottest months

27
Q

What are the differences in continentality

A

High continentality
- large differences in seasonal temperatures
Low continentality
- less variation throughout the year

28
Q

How does water affect on continentality

A

Large bodies of water
- seas and lakes
Heat up and cool down more slowly then landmasses
- Areas close to large bodies of water generally have low continentality
- In winter they have a warming effect due the surrounding air

29
Q

What is the effect on dark soil in colour

A

With high stone and rock content
- absorb and reradiate more than the lighter coloured soils
This radiates warmth can be critical for ripening fruit in cool climates

30
Q

How does soils with high content in water affects the vineyards

A

Require more energy to warm up
Conduct heat from the vine more quickly than dry soils
- can delay but burst

31
Q

What is aspect

A

Direction which a slope faces

32
Q

What does aspect does in the vineyards

A

Facing the equator receive the most heat

33
Q

What is the effect of an aspect in the northern hemisphere

A

South facing slopes get the most heat and warmth

- especially important in cold climates where extra warmth can make a difference and being able to grow a crop

34
Q

What is the effect of an aspect in the southern hemisphere

A

North facing slopes also gets the most one

35
Q

What are buds

A

They formed the join between leaf and shoots

Their embryo shoots mature inside the casing

36
Q

What are tendrils

A

Supporting structure in order to stay upright
Once it has touched a structure on the trellis wires
- They will wind itself tightly to keep the shoot upright

37
Q

What are leaves

A

They are the plants engine
Responsible for photosynthesis
The locals will support the vine growth and make the grapes this sweet

38
Q

What is photosynthesis

A

Using sunlight to convert water and carbon dioxide is in glucose and oxygen

39
Q

What does the flowers and the berries on the vine

A

Flowers

  • reproduce with organs
  • make male and female parts
  • A group bunches inflorescences once it successful pollinated they become a berry and become a bench and they will be harvested - the end of growing season
40
Q

What spur pruning

A

Spurs are short sections of one -year-old Wood
They have been cut down to only two or three buds
There either disrupted along a cordon od permanent wood

41
Q

What is vine training

A

Refers to the shape of permanent woot of the vine
Broadly into two categories
- head training
- cordon training

42
Q

What is head training

A

These vines have little permanent wood
Some only have a chunk others have arms of permanent wood growing from the top of the trunk
They can be spur pruned or cane pruned

43
Q

What is Cordon training

A

Typically they have a trunk with one or more horizontal arms
Cordon is usually spur pruned
Takes longer and a greater amount of permanent food it’s easier to achieve with machine harvesting

44
Q

How is soil made

A

Made up of a mixture of sand and clay particles

The soils have a good drainage and retain enough water for vine growth

45
Q

What is chlorosis

A

Symptom linked to a lack of nutrients in the soil

The leaves turn yellow and divine’s ability to photosynthesise is restricted

46
Q

What is VSP

A

Vertical shoot positioning
It’s the most widely used system
It can be used with replacement cane or spur pruned
Divines shoot are trained vertically and they are tied in the place into the trellis forming a single narrow canopy by keeping the shoots apart of the system keeps the canopy is open

WSET3 (21 decks)

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