The vascular system and blood

Question 1

What are the main plasma proteins?

Answer 1

• Albumin
• Globulin
• Fibrinogen

Question 2

What are the main cells found in the bood?

Answer 2

1. Erythrocytes (red blood cells)
2. Leukocytes (white blood cells)
3. Platelets

Question 3

What is the diameter of a red blood cell?

Answer 3

~7 µm

Question 4

What is the lifespan of a red blood cell?

Answer 4

120 days

Question 5

What are platelets derived from?

Answer 5

Megakaryocytes

Question 6

What is the lifespan of a platelet?

Answer 6

10 days

Question 7

What are the 2 categories of white blood cells?

Answer 7

1. Granuocytes
2. Agranulocytes

Question 8

What are the types of granulocytes?

Answer 8

1. Neutrophils
2. Eosinophils
3. Basophils

Question 9

What are the functions of neutrophils?

Answer 9

Ingests and destroys antibody-bound complexes.

Question 10

What is the relative proportions of different types of white blood cells in the body?

Answer 10

• Neutrophils: 50-60%
• Eosinophils: 1-2%
• Basophils: 0-1%
• Monocytes: 4-8%
• Lymphocytes: 20-30%

Question 11

What prominent feature is seen in female neutrophils?

Answer 11

Barr body

Question 12

What are the functions of eosinophils?

Answer 12

• Phagocytosis of bacteria.
• Killing of phagocytes.
• Produces substances involved in allergic reactions.

Question 13

What are the functions of basophils?

Answer 13

Systemic anaphylaxis and hypersensitivity during allergic reactions.

Question 14

What are the types of agranulocytes?

Answer 14

1. Monocytes
2. Lymphocytes

Question 15

What are the functions of monocytes?

Answer 15

• Leave the circulation to become macrophages.
• Involved in engulfing bacteria and cellular debris.

Question 16

What are the types of lymphocytes?

Answer 16

1. B-lymphocytes
2. T-lymphocytes

Question 17

What are the layers of a typical blood vessel and their contents?

Answer 17

1. Tunica intima:
   - Endothelium
   - Basement membrane
   - Connective tissue
   - Internal elastic lamina
2. Tunica media:
   - Smooth muscle
   - Elastin
   - Collagen
   - External elastic lamina
3. Tunica adventitia:
   - Connective tissue (collagen, elastin)
   - Nerves
   - Vaso vasorum

Question 18

What are the different types of arteries?

Answer 18

1. Elastic artery
2. Muscular artery

Question 19

What are the key features of arterioles?

Answer 19

1. They have very thin tunica intima.
2. Intima media contains mainly smooth muscle.
3. No external elastic lamina.
4. Tunica adventitia merges with surrounding tissues.

Question 20

What are the key features of veins?

Answer 20

1. They have a much smaller wall:lumen ratio.
2. They have less well developed tunica media.
3. No obvious internal elastic lamina.

Question 21

What are the features of venules?

Answer 21

• No tunica media.
• Thin layer if endothelium lined by some connective tissue.

Question 22

What is the main distinguishing factor between veins and lymphatic vessels?

Answer 22

• Lymphatic vessels lack red blood cells.
• Presence of precipitated lymph protein.

Question 23

What is the diameter of capillaries?

Answer 23

5-8 µm

Question 24

What are the types of capillaries?

Answer 24

1. Continuous capillaries
2. Fenestrated capillaries
3. Sinusoidal capillaries

Question 25

What is the lifespan of a neutrophil?

Answer 25

1-2 days

Question 26

Where are continuous capillaries commonly found?

Answer 26

• Connective tissue
• Muscle
• Lungs
• Brain

Question 27

Where are fenestrated capillaries commonly found?

Answer 27

• Kidneys
• Small intestines
• Endocrine glands

Question 28

Where are sinusoidal capillaries commonly found?

Answer 28

• Liver
• Spleen
• Lymphatic tissue
• Bone marrow
• Endocrine glands