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[MT] Lesson 5: The Digestive System, Mental Health, & The Urinary System > The Urinary System Pathology > Flashcards

The Urinary System Pathology Flashcards

1
Q

Nephrology

A

Branch of medicine involved in diagnosis and treatment of diseases and disorders of the kidney. Physician is a ‘nephrologist.’

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2
Q

Urology

A

Branch of medicine involved in diagnosis and treatment of diseases and disorders of the urinary system (and male reproductive system). Physician is a ‘urologist.’

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3
Q

Anuria

A

Complete suppression of urine formed by the kidneys and a complete lack of urine excretion

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4
Q

Azotemia

A

Accumulation of nitrogenous waste in the bloodstream. Occurs when the kidney fails to filter these wastes from the blood

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5
Q

Bacteriuria

A

Presence of bacteria in the urine

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6
Q

Calculus

A

Stone formed within an organ by an accumulation of mineral salts. Found in the kidney, renal pelvis, ureters, bladder, or urethra. Plural is ‘calculi.’

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7
Q

Cystalgia

A

Urinary bladder pain

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8
Q

Cystolith

A

Bladder stone

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9
Q

Cystorrhagia

A

Profuse bleeding from the urinary bladder

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10
Q

Diuresis

A

Increased formation and excretion of urine

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11
Q

Dysuria

A

Difficult or painful urination

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12
Q

Enuresis

A

Involuntary discharge of urine after the age by which bladder control should have been established. This usually occurs by the age of 5. ‘Nocturnal enuresis’ refers to bed-wetting at night

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13
Q

Frequency

A

Greater-than-normal occurrence in the urge to urinate, without an increase in the total daily volume of urine. Frequency is an indication of inflammation of the bladder or urethra

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14
Q

Glycosuria

A

Presence of sugar in the urine

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15
Q

Hematuria

A

Presence of blood in the urine

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16
Q

Hesitancy

A

Decrease in the force of the urine stream, often with difficulty initiating the flow. It is often a symptom of a blockage along the urethra, such as an enlarged prostate gland

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17
Q

Ketonuria

A

Presence of ketones in the urine. This occurs when the body burns fat instead of glucose for energy, such as in uncontrolled diabetes mellitus

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18
Q

Nephrolith

A

Kidney stone

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19
Q

Nephromalacia

A

Kidney is abnormally soft

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20
Q

Nephromegaly

A

Kidney is enlarged

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21
Q

Nephrosclerosis

A

Kidney tissue has become hardened

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22
Q

Nocturia

A

Having to urinate frequently during the night

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23
Q

Oliguria

A

Producing too little urine

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24
Q

Polyuria

A

Producing an unusually large volume of urine

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25
Q

Proteinuria

A

Presence of protein in the urine

26
Q

Pyuria

A

Presence of pus in the urine

27
Q

Renal Colic

A

Pain caused by a kidney stone. Can be an excruciating pain and generally requires medical treatment

28
Q

Stricture

A

Narrowing of a passageway in the urinary system

29
Q

Uremia

A

Accumulation of waste products (especially
nitrogenous
wastes) in the bloodstream Associated with renal failure

30
Q

Ureterectasis

A

Ureter is stretched out or dilated

31
Q

Ureterolith

A

Stone in the ureter

32
Q

Ureterostenosis

A

Ureter has become narrow

33
Q

Urethralgia

A

Urethral pain

34
Q

Urethrorrhagia

A

Profuse bleeding from the urethra

35
Q

Urethrostenosis

A

Urethra has become narrow

36
Q

Urgency

A

Feeling the need to urinate immediately

37
Q

Urinary Incontinence

A

Involuntary release of urine. In some patients an indwelling catheter is inserted into the bladder for continuous urine drainage

38
Q

Urinary Retention

A

Inability to fully empty the bladder, often indicates a blockage in the urethra

39
Q

Acute Tubular Necrosis (ATN)

A

Damage to the renal tubules due to presence of toxins in the urine or to ischemia. Results in oliguria

40
Q

Diabetic Nephropathy

A

Accumulation of damage to the glomerulus capillaries due to the chronic high blood sugars of diabetes mellitus

41
Q

Glomerulonephritis

A

Inflammation of the kidney (primarily of the glomerulus). Since the glomerular membrane is inflamed, it becomes more permeable and will allow protein and blood cells to enter the filtrate. Results in protein in the urine (proteinuria) and hematuria

42
Q

Hydronephrosis

A

Distention of the renal pelvis due to urine collecting in the kidney; often a result of the obstruction of a ureter

43
Q

Nephritis

A

Kidney inflammation

44
Q

Nephrolithiasis

A

Presence of calculi in the kidney. Usually begins with the solidification of salts present in the urine

45
Q

Nephroma

A

Kidney tumor

46
Q

Nephropathy

A

General term describing the presence of kidney disease

47
Q

Nephroptosis

A

Downward displacement of the kidney out of its normal location; commonly called a ‘floating kidney.’

48
Q

Nephrotic Syndrome (NS)

A

Damage to the glomerulus resulting in protein appearing in the urine, proteinuria, and the corresponding decrease in protein in the bloodstream. Also called ‘nephrosis.’

49
Q

Polycystic Kidneys

A

Formation of multiple cysts within the kidney tissue. Results in the destruction of normal kidney tissue and uremia

50
Q

Pyelitis

A

Renal pelvis inflammation

51
Q

Pyelonephritis

A

Inflammation of the renal pelvis and the kidney. One of the most common types of kidney disease. It may be the result of a lower urinary tract infection that moved up to the kidney by way of the ureters. There may be large quantities of white blood ells and bacteria in the urine. Blood (hematuria) may even be present in the urine in this condition. Can occur with any untreated or persistent case of cystitis

52
Q

Renal Cell Carcinoma

A

Cancerous tumor that arises from kidney tubule cells

53
Q

Renal Failure

A

Inability of the kidneys to filter wastes from the blood resulting in uremia. May be acute or chronic. Major reason for a patient being placed on dialysis

54
Q

Wilm’s Tumor (VILMZ)

A

Malignant kidney tumor found most often in children

55
Q

Bladder Cancer

A

Cancerous tumor that arises from the cells lining the bladder; major sign is hematuria

56
Q

Bladder Neck Obstruction (BNO)

A

Blockage of the bladder outlet. Often caused by an enlarged prostate gland in males

57
Q

Cystitis

A

Urinary bladder inflammation

58
Q

Cystocele

A

Hernia or protrusion of the urinary bladder into the wall of the vagina

59
Q

Interstitial Cystitis

A

Disease of unknown cause in which there is inflammation and irritation of the bladder. Most commonly seen in middle-aged women

60
Q

Neurogenic Bladder

A

Loss of nervous control that leads to retention; may be caused by spinal cord injury or multiple sclerosis

61
Q

Urinary Tract Infection (UTI)

A

Infection, usually from bacteria, of any organ of the urinary system. Most often begins with cystitis and may ascend in toe ureters and kidneys. Most common in women because of their shorter urethra

[MT] Lesson 5: The Digestive System, Mental Health, & The Urinary System (26 decks)

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