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[MT] Lesson 5: The Digestive System, Mental Health, & The Urinary System > The Digestive System Terms > Flashcards

The Digestive System Terms Flashcards

1
Q

Accessory Organs

A

Consist of organs that are part of system, but not part of continuous tube from mouth to anus; accessory organs are liver, pancreas, gallbladder, and salivary glands

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2
Q

Alimentary Canal

A

Also known as gastrointestinal system or digestive system; system covers area between mouth and anus and includes 30 feet of intestinal tubing; has a wide range of functions; system serves to store and digest food, absorb nutrients, and eliminate waste; major organs of system are mouth, pharynx, esophagus, stomach, small intestine, colon, rectum, and anus

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3
Q

Amylase

A

Digestive enzyme found in saliva that begins digestion of carbohydrates

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4
Q

Anal Sphincter

A

Ring of muscle that controls anal opening

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5
Q

Antrum

A

Tapered distal end of the stomach

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6
Q

Anus

A

Terminal opening of digestive tube

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7
Q

Ascending Colon

A

Section of colon following cecum; ascends right side of abdomen

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8
Q

Bicuspids

A

Premolar permanent teeth having two cusps or projections that assist in grinding food; humans have eight bicuspids

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9
Q

Bile

A

Substance produced by liver and stored in gallbladder; added to chyme in duodenum and functions to emulsify fats so they can be digested and absorbed; cholesterol is essential to bile production

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10
Q

Body

A

(1) Whole, living individual; sum of all cells, tissues, organs, and systems working together to sustain life; (2) Main portion of organ such as stomach or uterus

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11
Q

Bolus

A

Chewed up morsel of food ready to be swallowed

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12
Q

Buffers

A

Chemicals that neutralize acid, particularly stomach acid

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13
Q

Canines

A

Also called cuspid teeth or eyeteeth; permanent teeth located between incisors and bicuspids that assist in biting and cutting food; humans have four canine teeth

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14
Q

Cardiac Sphincter

A

Also called ‘lower esophageal sphincter’; prevents food and gastric juices from backing up into esophagus

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15
Q

Cecum

A

First portion of colon; is a blind pouch off beginning of large intestine; appendix grows out of end of cecum

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16
Q

Cementum

A

Anchors root of a tooth into socket of jaw

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17
Q

Cheeks

A

Form lateral walls of oral cavity

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18
Q

Chyme

A

Semisoft mixture of food and digestive fluids that pass from stomach into small intestines

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19
Q

Colon

A

Also called ‘large intestine’; functions to reabsorb most of fluid in digested food; material that remains after water reabsorption is feces; sections of colon are cecum, ascending colon, transverse colon, descending colon, and sigmoid colon

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20
Q

Common Bile Duct (CBD)

A

Duct that carries bile from gallbladder to duodenum

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21
Q

Crown

A

Portion of tooth covered by enamel; also artificial covering for tooth created to replace original enamel

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22
Q

Cuspids

A

Permanent teeth located between incisors and bicuspids that assist in biting and cutting food; humans have four cuspids; also called canine teeth or eyeteeth

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23
Q

Cystic Duct

A

Duct leading from gallbladder to common bile duct; carries bile

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24
Q

Deciduous Teeth

A

20 teeth that begin to erupt around age of 6 months; eventually pushed out by permanent teeth

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25
Q

Defecation

A

Evacuation of feces from rectum

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26
Q

Dentin

A

Main bulk of tooth; is covered by enamel

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27
Q

Descending Colon

A

Section of colon that descends left side of abdomen

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28
Q

Duodenum

A

First section of small intestines; digestion is completed in duodenum after chyme mixes with digestive juices from pancreas and gallbladder

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29
Q

Emulsification

A

To make fats and lipids more soluble in water

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30
Q

Enamel

A

Hardest substance in body; covers outer surface of teeth

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31
Q

Epiglottis

A

Flap of cartilage that covers larynx when person swallows; prevents food and drink from entering larynx and trachea

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32
Q

Esophagus

A

Tube that carries food from pharynx to stomach

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33
Q

Feces

A

Food that cannot be digested becomes waste product and is expelled or defecated as feces

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34
Q

Fundus

A

Domed upper portion of organ such as stomach or

uterus

35
Q

Gallbladder (GB)

A

Small organ located just under liver; functions to store bile produced by liver; gallbladder releases bile into duodenum through common bile duct

36
Q

Gastrointestinal System (GI)

A

System that digests food and absorbs nutrients; organs include mouth, pharynx, esophagus, stomach, small and large intestines, liver, gallbladder, and anus; also called ‘digestive system.’

37
Q

Gastrointestinal Tract

A

Continuous tube that extends from mouth to anus; also called ‘gut’ or ‘alimentary canal.’

38
Q

Gingiva

A

Tissue around teeth; also called ‘gums.’

39
Q

Gums

A

Tissue around teeth; also called ‘gingiva.’

40
Q

Gut

A

Name for continuous muscular tube that stretches
between mouth and anus; also called ‘alimentary
canal.’

41
Q

Hepatic Duct

A

Duct that leads from liver to common bile duct; transports bile

42
Q

Hydrochloric Acid (HCl)

A

Acid secreted by stomach lining; aids in digestion

43
Q

Ileocecal Valve

A

Sphincter between ileum and cecum

44
Q

Ileum

A

Third portion of small intestines; joins colon at cecum; ileum and cecum are separated by ileocecal valve

45
Q

Incisors

A

Biting teeth in very front of mouth that function to cut food into smaller pieces; humans have eight incisors

46
Q

Jejunum

A

Middle portion of small intestines; site of nutrient absorption

47
Q

Laryngopharynx

A

Inferior section of pharynx; lies at same level in neck as larynx

48
Q

Lips

A

Anterior opening of oral cavity

49
Q

Liver

A

Large organ located in right upper quadrant of abdomen; serves many functions in body; its digestive system role includes producing bile, processing absorbed nutrients, and detoxifying harmful substances

50
Q

Lower Esophageal Sphincter

A

Also called cardiac sphincter; prevents food and gastric juices from backing up into esophagus

51
Q

Molars

A

Large somewhat flat-topped back teeth; function to grind food; humans have up to twelve molars

52
Q

Oral Cavity

A

The mouth

53
Q

Oropharynx

A

Middle section of pharynx that receives food and drink from mouth

54
Q

Palate

A

Roof of mouth; anterior portion is hard or bony, and posterior portion is soft or flexible

55
Q

Pancreas

A

Organ in digestive system that produces digestive enzymes; also a gland in endocrine system that produces two hormones, insulin an glucagon

56
Q

Pancreatic Duct

A

Duct carrying pancreatic juices from pancreas to duodenum

57
Q

Pancreatic Enzymes

A

Digestive enzymes produced by pancreas and added to chyme in duodenum

58
Q

Parotid Glands

A

Pair of salivary glands located in front of ears

59
Q

Periodontal Ligaments

A

Small ligaments that anchor root of tooth in socket of jaw

60
Q

Peristalsis

A

Wavelike muscular movements in wall of digestive system tube–esophagus, stomach, small intestines, and colon–that function to move food along tube

61
Q

Permanent Teeth

A

32 permanent teeth begin to erupt at about age 6; generally complete by age sixteen

62
Q

Pharynx

A

Medical term for throat; passageway that conducts air from nasal cavity to trachea and also carries food and drink from mouth to esophagus; pharynx is divided into three sections; nasopharynx, oropharynx, and laryngopharynx

63
Q

Premolar

A

Another term for bicuspid teeth

64
Q

Pulp Cavity

A

Hollow interior of tooth; contains soft tissue made up of blood vessels, nerves, and lymph vessels

65
Q

Pyloric Sphincter

A

Sphincter at distal end of stomach; controls passage of food into duodenum

66
Q

Rectum

A

Area at end of digestive tube for storage of feces that leads to anus

67
Q

Root

A

Portion of tooth below gum line

68
Q

Root Canal

A

Dental treatment involving pulp cavity of root of tooth; procedure used to save tooth that is badly infected or abscessed

69
Q

Rugae

A

Prominent folds in mucosa of stomach; smooth out and almost disappear allowing stomach to expand when full of food; also found in urinary bladder

70
Q

Saliva

A

Watery fluid secreted into mouth from salivary glands; contains digestive enzymes that break down carbohydrates and lubricants that make it easier to swallow food

71
Q

Salivary Glands

A

Exocrine glands with ducts that open into mouth; produce saliva, which makes bolus of food easier to swallow and begins digestive process; there are three pairs of salivary glands: parotid, submandibular, and sublingual

72
Q

Sigmoid Colon

A

Final section of colon; follows S-shaped path and terminates in rectum

73
Q

Small Intestine

A

Portion of digestive tube between stomach and colon, and major site of nutrient absorption; there are three sections: duodenum, jejunum, and ileum

74
Q

Sphincter

A

Ring of muscle around tubular organ; can contract to control opening of tube

75
Q

Stomach

A

J-shaped muscular organ that acts as sac to collect, churn, digest, and store food; composed of three parts: fundus, body, and antrum; hydrochloric acid is secreted by glands in mucous membrane lining of stomach; food mixes with other gastric juices and hydrochloric acid to form semisoft mixture called chyme, which then passes into duodenum

76
Q

Sublingual Glands

A

Pair of salivary glands in floor of mouth

77
Q

Submandibular Glands

A

Pair of salivary glands in floor of mouth

78
Q

Taste Buds

A

Found on surface of tongue; designed to detect bitter, sweet, sour, and salty flavors in our food

79
Q

Teeth

A

Structures in mouth that mechanically break up food into smaller pieces during chewing

80
Q

Tongue

A

Muscular organ in floor of mouth; works to move food around inside mouth and is also necessary for speech

81
Q

Transverse Colon

A

Section of colon that crosses upper abdomen from right side of body to left

82
Q

Uvula

A

Structure that hangs down from posterior edge of soft palate, helps in production of speech, and is location of gag reflex

83
Q

Vermiform Appendix

A

Small outgrowth at end of cecum; function or purpose is unknown

[MT] Lesson 5: The Digestive System, Mental Health, & The Urinary System (26 decks)

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