The Urinary System and Homeostasis

Question 1

How much urine is required to leave the body every day?

Answer 1

500 ml

Question 2

What creates filtrate?

Answer 2

Glomeruli

Question 3

What is the PH range of Urine?

Answer 3

4.5-8.0

Question 4

What is specific gravity?

Answer 4

The number of solutes per unit volume of urine

Question 5

What is it called when you don’t produce enough urine or 300-500 ml a day?

Answer 5

Oliguria

Question 6

What is extreme under production of urine or < 50 ml a day?

Answer 6

Anuria

Question 7

What is it called when you Urinate to much or >2.5 L a day?

Answer 7

Polyuria

Question 8

What can indicate an urinary tract infection?

Answer 8

The presence of leukocytes

Question 9

What can indicate an infection?

Answer 9

Nitrates

Question 10

What transports urine from the bladder to outside the body?

Answer 10

Urethra

Question 11

What can indicate a damaged glomeruli?

Answer 11

Excessive proteins

Question 12

What may show up in urine of people with diabetes and a high fat diets?

Answer 12

Ketones

Question 13

What are the 4 sections of the male Urethra?

Answer 13

Preprostatic, prostatic, membranous, & spongy or penile urethra

Question 14

What does the male urethra pass through?

Answer 14

The prostate gland

Question 15

What collects urine from both uterus & is highly distensible?

Answer 15

The bladder

Question 16

What propels urine by peristalsis from the kidney to the bladder?

Answer 16

Ureters

Question 17

What is it called when you have the urge to urinate?

Answer 17

Micturition reflex

Question 18

How much cardio output does the kidney receive at rest?

Answer 18

25%

Question 19

What sits atop each kidney?

Answer 19

An adrenal gland

Question 20

What does the Inner medulla contain?

Answer 20

Papillae and pyramids

Question 21

Why does the papillae drain into calyces?

Answer 21

For excretion

Question 22

What is the entry and exit for vessels, nerves, lymphatics and utterers?

Answer 22

Renal Hilum

Question 23

What is the functional unit of the kidney that cleans blood and balances constituents?

Answer 23

Nephron

Question 24

What does the efferent arteriole form before returning to the venous system?

Answer 24

Network around the nephrons

Question 25

How does a renal pelvis funnel urine into uterers?

Answer 25

Peristalsis

Question 26

What is the main task of the kidneys?

Answer 26

Maintain homeostatic balance of plasma and excrete toxins

Question 27

What are the 3 basic functions of a nephron?

Answer 27

Filter, reabsorb, and secrete

Question 28

What pushes solutes though filtration slits into Bowmans capsules?

Answer 28

High pressure glomerulus

Question 29

Where does the pushing into the bowman capsules take place?

Answer 29

Renal corpuscle

Question 30

What forms a lumen and directs fluid to the Proximal Convolutes Tube (PCT)?

Answer 30

Bowmans Capsule

Question 31

What percent of plasma filters through the filtration slits?

Answer 31

10 %-20%

Question 32

What prevents blood cells and large proteins from passing out of the glomerulus?

Answer 32

Fenestration

Question 33

Where does the lumen direct fluid?

Answer 33

Proximal Convoluted Tubule (PCT)

Question 34

What is a part of DCT that measures sodium and flow rate?

Answer 34

Macula densa

Question 35

What type of cell will contract or relax based on osmolarity of plasma fluid?

Answer 35

Juxtaglomerular

Question 36

What is osmolarity?

Answer 36

How much solute is in a fluid

Question 37

What has simple cuboidal cells with prominent microvilli?

Answer 37

PCT

Question 38

What has descending and ascending portions?

Answer 38

Loop of Henle

Question 39

What is the PCT Microvilli efficient for?

Answer 39

Absorption and secretion of solutes

Question 40

What are the collecting ducts lined with?

Answer 40

ADH receptors

Question 41

What is a Glomerular Filtration Rate (GFR)?

Answer 41

Volume of filtrate formed per minute

Question 42

What is filtrate formed by?

Answer 42

Blood hydrostatic pressure in the glomerulus

Question 43

What is systemic edema?

Answer 43

When there is to much pressure in the filtrate, lower somatic pressure in circulating blood, & water leaves capillaries more causing the body to "plump"

Question 44

How is GFR often estimated?

Answer 44

By measuring creatinine in the urine

Question 45

Why does smooth muscle contract or relax?

Answer 45

By maintaining consistent blood flow into glomerulus

Question 46

What leaves through the descending loop?

Answer 46

Water

Question 47

What leaves through the ascending loop?

Answer 47

Sodium( Na+), Potassium( k+), and Chlorine( Cl-)

Question 48

What is the mechanism when one substance comes out, the other comes in?

Answer 48

Antiport mechanism

Question 49

What is the mechanism where both substances leave at the same time?

Answer 49

Symport mechanism

Question 50

What is actively being pumped out of the PCT?

Answer 50

Sodium

Question 51

What is the sodium in the PCT symport with? (5)

Answer 51

Chloride, calcium, amino acids, glucose, and phosphate

Question 52

What is sodium anti port with in the PCT?

Answer 52

Potassium on bassal membrane

Question 53

What percent of water, sodium, and potassium is being reabsorbed?

Answer 53

67%

Question 54

Why are hydrogen ions recycled?

Answer 54

So bicarbonate can be recovered

Question 55

What section of the loop of the henele has permanent aquaporin channel proteins?

Answer 55

Descending loop

Question 56

What increases sodium reabsorption?

Answer 56

Aldosterone

Question 57

What will cause calcium channels in the luminal surface in the DCT?

Answer 57

Parathyroid hormone

Question 58

What induces the production of calcium-binding proteins to reabsorb calcium?

Answer 58

Calcitriol

Question 59

Doing what to sympathetic stimulation increases blood flow and vice versa?

Answer 59

Reducing

Question 60

What is a stretch in a smooth muscle that causes it to contract stronger?

Answer 60

Myogenic mechanism

Question 61

What releases ATP and adenosine due to Na+ reabsorption rate and flow rate?

Answer 61

Tubuloglomerular Feedback

Question 62

What is the purpose of Renin-Angiotensin- Aldosterone in the kidney?

Answer 62

To increase BP by vasoconstriction and reabsorption of Sodium

Question 63

What can aldosterone receptors be triggered by?

Answer 63

Progesterone and cortisol

Question 64

What does the ADH do?

Answer 64

Promote water recovery

Question 65

What are the powerful vasoconstrictors that are released due to angiotensinogen 2, bradykinin, and epinephrine.

Answer 65

Endothelins

Question 66

What is the purpose of Natriuretic Hormone?

Answer 66

To secrete Sodium, opposite of aldosterone

Question 67

What is the purpose of Parathyroid hormones in the kidney?

Answer 67

Increases Ca++ ( calcium) reabsorption and block the reabsorption of phosphate

Question 68

What hormone has a prominent role in fluid volume regulation?

Answer 68

ADH

Question 69

What volume sensing mechanism checks the BP in the aorta and carotid sinuses?

Answer 69

Barorecptors

Question 70

What does an increase in BP cause?

Answer 70

Widespread vasodilation and vice versa

Question 71

What are the 2 diuretics?

Answer 71

Caffeine and Alcohol

Question 72

What promotes vasodilation in the nephron?

Answer 72

Caffeine

Question 73

Why might a diuretic be prescribed?

Answer 73

To lower BP

Question 74

What is the opposite of calcium?

Answer 74

Phosphate

Question 75

What gases balance in your body through your urinary system?

Answer 75

Hydrogen and Nitrogen Waste

Question 76

What type of drugs can be excreted in urine?

Answer 76

Water soluble and Small molecule drugs