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Human Anatomy and Physiology 2 > The Urinary System and Homeostasis > Flashcards

The Urinary System and Homeostasis Flashcards

1
Q

How much urine is required to leave the body every day?

A

500 ml

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2
Q

What creates filtrate?

A

Glomeruli

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3
Q

What is the PH range of Urine?

A

4.5-8.0

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4
Q

What is specific gravity?

A

The number of solutes per unit volume of urine

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5
Q

What is it called when you don’t produce enough urine or 300-500 ml a day?

A

Oliguria

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6
Q

What is extreme under production of urine or < 50 ml a day?

A

Anuria

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7
Q

What is it called when you Urinate to much or >2.5 L a day?

A

Polyuria

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8
Q

What can indicate an urinary tract infection?

A

The presence of leukocytes

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9
Q

What can indicate an infection?

A

Nitrates

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10
Q

What transports urine from the bladder to outside the body?

A

Urethra

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11
Q

What can indicate a damaged glomeruli?

A

Excessive proteins

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12
Q

What may show up in urine of people with diabetes and a high fat diets?

A

Ketones

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13
Q

What are the 4 sections of the male Urethra?

A

Preprostatic, prostatic, membranous, & spongy or penile urethra

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14
Q

What does the male urethra pass through?

A

The prostate gland

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15
Q

What collects urine from both uterus & is highly distensible?

A

The bladder

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16
Q

What propels urine by peristalsis from the kidney to the bladder?

A

Ureters

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17
Q

What is it called when you have the urge to urinate?

A

Micturition reflex

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18
Q

How much cardio output does the kidney receive at rest?

A

25%

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19
Q

What sits atop each kidney?

A

An adrenal gland

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20
Q

What does the Inner medulla contain?

A

Papillae and pyramids

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21
Q

Why does the papillae drain into calyces?

A

For excretion

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22
Q

What is the entry and exit for vessels, nerves, lymphatics and utterers?

A

Renal Hilum

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23
Q

What is the functional unit of the kidney that cleans blood and balances constituents?

A

Nephron

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24
Q

What does the efferent arteriole form before returning to the venous system?

A

Network around the nephrons

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25
Q

How does a renal pelvis funnel urine into uterers?

A

Peristalsis

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26
Q

What is the main task of the kidneys?

A

Maintain homeostatic balance of plasma and excrete toxins

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27
Q

What are the 3 basic functions of a nephron?

A

Filter, reabsorb, and secrete

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28
Q

What pushes solutes though filtration slits into Bowmans capsules?

A

High pressure glomerulus

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29
Q

Where does the pushing into the bowman capsules take place?

A

Renal corpuscle

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30
Q

What forms a lumen and directs fluid to the Proximal Convolutes Tube (PCT)?

A

Bowmans Capsule

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31
Q

What percent of plasma filters through the filtration slits?

A

10 %-20%

32
Q

What prevents blood cells and large proteins from passing out of the glomerulus?

A

Fenestration

33
Q

Where does the lumen direct fluid?

A

Proximal Convoluted Tubule (PCT)

34
Q

What is a part of DCT that measures sodium and flow rate?

A

Macula densa

35
Q

What type of cell will contract or relax based on osmolarity of plasma fluid?

A

Juxtaglomerular

36
Q

What is osmolarity?

A

How much solute is in a fluid

37
Q

What has simple cuboidal cells with prominent microvilli?

A

PCT

38
Q

What has descending and ascending portions?

A

Loop of Henle

39
Q

What is the PCT Microvilli efficient for?

A

Absorption and secretion of solutes

40
Q

What are the collecting ducts lined with?

A

ADH receptors

41
Q

What is a Glomerular Filtration Rate (GFR)?

A

Volume of filtrate formed per minute

42
Q

What is filtrate formed by?

A

Blood hydrostatic pressure in the glomerulus

43
Q

What is systemic edema?

A

When there is to much pressure in the filtrate, lower somatic pressure in circulating blood, & water leaves capillaries more causing the body to “plump”

44
Q

How is GFR often estimated?

A

By measuring creatinine in the urine

45
Q

Why does smooth muscle contract or relax?

A

By maintaining consistent blood flow into glomerulus

46
Q

What leaves through the descending loop?

A

Water

47
Q

What leaves through the ascending loop?

A

Sodium( Na+), Potassium( k+), and Chlorine( Cl-)

48
Q

What is the mechanism when one substance comes out, the other comes in?

A

Antiport mechanism

49
Q

What is the mechanism where both substances leave at the same time?

A

Symport mechanism

50
Q

What is actively being pumped out of the PCT?

A

Sodium

51
Q

What is the sodium in the PCT symport with? (5)

A

Chloride, calcium, amino acids, glucose, and phosphate

52
Q

What is sodium anti port with in the PCT?

A

Potassium on bassal membrane

53
Q

What percent of water, sodium, and potassium is being reabsorbed?

A

67%

54
Q

Why are hydrogen ions recycled?

A

So bicarbonate can be recovered

55
Q

What section of the loop of the henele has permanent aquaporin channel proteins?

A

Descending loop

56
Q

What increases sodium reabsorption?

A

Aldosterone

57
Q

What will cause calcium channels in the luminal surface in the DCT?

A

Parathyroid hormone

58
Q

What induces the production of calcium-binding proteins to reabsorb calcium?

A

Calcitriol

59
Q

Doing what to sympathetic stimulation increases blood flow and vice versa?

A

Reducing

60
Q

What is a stretch in a smooth muscle that causes it to contract stronger?

A

Myogenic mechanism

61
Q

What releases ATP and adenosine due to Na+ reabsorption rate and flow rate?

A

Tubuloglomerular Feedback

62
Q

What is the purpose of Renin-Angiotensin- Aldosterone in the kidney?

A

To increase BP by vasoconstriction and reabsorption of Sodium

63
Q

What can aldosterone receptors be triggered by?

A

Progesterone and cortisol

64
Q

What does the ADH do?

A

Promote water recovery

65
Q

What are the powerful vasoconstrictors that are released due to angiotensinogen 2, bradykinin, and epinephrine.

A

Endothelins

66
Q

What is the purpose of Natriuretic Hormone?

A

To secrete Sodium, opposite of aldosterone

67
Q

What is the purpose of Parathyroid hormones in the kidney?

A

Increases Ca++ ( calcium) reabsorption and block the reabsorption of phosphate

68
Q

What hormone has a prominent role in fluid volume regulation?

A

ADH

69
Q

What volume sensing mechanism checks the BP in the aorta and carotid sinuses?

A

Barorecptors

70
Q

What does an increase in BP cause?

A

Widespread vasodilation and vice versa

71
Q

What are the 2 diuretics?

A

Caffeine and Alcohol

72
Q

What promotes vasodilation in the nephron?

A

Caffeine

73
Q

Why might a diuretic be prescribed?

A

To lower BP

74
Q

What is the opposite of calcium?

A

Phosphate

75
Q

What gases balance in your body through your urinary system?

A

Hydrogen and Nitrogen Waste

76
Q

What type of drugs can be excreted in urine?

A

Water soluble and Small molecule drugs

Human Anatomy and Physiology 2 (5 decks)

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