The Urinary System and Homeostasis Flashcards
How much urine is required to leave the body every day?
500 ml
What creates filtrate?
Glomeruli
What is the PH range of Urine?
4.5-8.0
What is specific gravity?
The number of solutes per unit volume of urine
What is it called when you don’t produce enough urine or 300-500 ml a day?
Oliguria
What is extreme under production of urine or < 50 ml a day?
Anuria
What is it called when you Urinate to much or >2.5 L a day?
Polyuria
What can indicate an urinary tract infection?
The presence of leukocytes
What can indicate an infection?
Nitrates
What transports urine from the bladder to outside the body?
Urethra
What can indicate a damaged glomeruli?
Excessive proteins
What may show up in urine of people with diabetes and a high fat diets?
Ketones
What are the 4 sections of the male Urethra?
Preprostatic, prostatic, membranous, & spongy or penile urethra
What does the male urethra pass through?
The prostate gland
What collects urine from both uterus & is highly distensible?
The bladder
What propels urine by peristalsis from the kidney to the bladder?
Ureters
What is it called when you have the urge to urinate?
Micturition reflex
How much cardio output does the kidney receive at rest?
25%
What sits atop each kidney?
An adrenal gland
What does the Inner medulla contain?
Papillae and pyramids
Why does the papillae drain into calyces?
For excretion
What is the entry and exit for vessels, nerves, lymphatics and utterers?
Renal Hilum
What is the functional unit of the kidney that cleans blood and balances constituents?
Nephron
What does the efferent arteriole form before returning to the venous system?
Network around the nephrons
How does a renal pelvis funnel urine into uterers?
Peristalsis
What is the main task of the kidneys?
Maintain homeostatic balance of plasma and excrete toxins
What are the 3 basic functions of a nephron?
Filter, reabsorb, and secrete
What pushes solutes though filtration slits into Bowmans capsules?
High pressure glomerulus
Where does the pushing into the bowman capsules take place?
Renal corpuscle
What forms a lumen and directs fluid to the Proximal Convolutes Tube (PCT)?
Bowmans Capsule
What percent of plasma filters through the filtration slits?
10 %-20%
What prevents blood cells and large proteins from passing out of the glomerulus?
Fenestration
Where does the lumen direct fluid?
Proximal Convoluted Tubule (PCT)
What is a part of DCT that measures sodium and flow rate?
Macula densa
What type of cell will contract or relax based on osmolarity of plasma fluid?
Juxtaglomerular
What is osmolarity?
How much solute is in a fluid
What has simple cuboidal cells with prominent microvilli?
PCT
What has descending and ascending portions?
Loop of Henle
What is the PCT Microvilli efficient for?
Absorption and secretion of solutes
What are the collecting ducts lined with?
ADH receptors
What is a Glomerular Filtration Rate (GFR)?
Volume of filtrate formed per minute
What is filtrate formed by?
Blood hydrostatic pressure in the glomerulus
What is systemic edema?
When there is to much pressure in the filtrate, lower somatic pressure in circulating blood, & water leaves capillaries more causing the body to “plump”
How is GFR often estimated?
By measuring creatinine in the urine
Why does smooth muscle contract or relax?
By maintaining consistent blood flow into glomerulus
What leaves through the descending loop?
Water
What leaves through the ascending loop?
Sodium( Na+), Potassium( k+), and Chlorine( Cl-)
What is the mechanism when one substance comes out, the other comes in?
Antiport mechanism
What is the mechanism where both substances leave at the same time?
Symport mechanism
What is actively being pumped out of the PCT?
Sodium
What is the sodium in the PCT symport with? (5)
Chloride, calcium, amino acids, glucose, and phosphate
What is sodium anti port with in the PCT?
Potassium on bassal membrane
What percent of water, sodium, and potassium is being reabsorbed?
67%
Why are hydrogen ions recycled?
So bicarbonate can be recovered
What section of the loop of the henele has permanent aquaporin channel proteins?
Descending loop
What increases sodium reabsorption?
Aldosterone
What will cause calcium channels in the luminal surface in the DCT?
Parathyroid hormone
What induces the production of calcium-binding proteins to reabsorb calcium?
Calcitriol
Doing what to sympathetic stimulation increases blood flow and vice versa?
Reducing
What is a stretch in a smooth muscle that causes it to contract stronger?
Myogenic mechanism
What releases ATP and adenosine due to Na+ reabsorption rate and flow rate?
Tubuloglomerular Feedback
What is the purpose of Renin-Angiotensin- Aldosterone in the kidney?
To increase BP by vasoconstriction and reabsorption of Sodium
What can aldosterone receptors be triggered by?
Progesterone and cortisol
What does the ADH do?
Promote water recovery
What are the powerful vasoconstrictors that are released due to angiotensinogen 2, bradykinin, and epinephrine.
Endothelins
What is the purpose of Natriuretic Hormone?
To secrete Sodium, opposite of aldosterone
What is the purpose of Parathyroid hormones in the kidney?
Increases Ca++ ( calcium) reabsorption and block the reabsorption of phosphate
What hormone has a prominent role in fluid volume regulation?
ADH
What volume sensing mechanism checks the BP in the aorta and carotid sinuses?
Barorecptors
What does an increase in BP cause?
Widespread vasodilation and vice versa
What are the 2 diuretics?
Caffeine and Alcohol
What promotes vasodilation in the nephron?
Caffeine
Why might a diuretic be prescribed?
To lower BP
What is the opposite of calcium?
Phosphate
What gases balance in your body through your urinary system?
Hydrogen and Nitrogen Waste
What type of drugs can be excreted in urine?
Water soluble and Small molecule drugs
