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Human Anatomy and Physiology 2 > The Respiratory System > Flashcards

The Respiratory System Flashcards

1
Q

What is the Conducting Zone

A

Route for incoming and outgoing air, that removes debris and warms and humidifies air

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2
Q

What organs are apart of the conducting zone

A

nose pharynx, larynx, trachea and bronchial tree

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3
Q

What is the major entrance and exit for the respiratory system?

A

The nose

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4
Q

Where is air moved

A

The pharynx

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5
Q

What are the purpose of sinuses ?

A

To produce mucus and lighten the skull

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6
Q

_____ beat constantly to push mucus and debris towards the throat to be swallowed

A

Cillia

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7
Q

What causes a runny nose?

A

Cold air that causes mucus accumulation

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8
Q

What type of lysozymes enzymes and proteins does mucus have?

A

Defensins

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9
Q

What is the tube that is continuous with the nasal cavity?

A

The Pharynx

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10
Q

The _____ is good for air only. The ____ can have both food and air.

A

Nasopharynx, Oropharynx

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11
Q

The Laryngopharynx plates into larynx ____ and esophagus_____.

A

Anteriorly and Posteriorly

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12
Q

What is the cartilaginous structure connecting the trachea and the pharynx ?

A

The Larynx

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13
Q

What is the Larynx formed by?

A

Thyroid cartilage, epiglottis, and cricoid cartilage

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14
Q

What is the Adam’s apple made of?

A

Thyroid cartilage

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15
Q

What is the elastic cartilage that closes the tube off so food goes to the esophagus?

A

Epiglottis

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16
Q

What produces a deeper voice?

A

Larger folds in the vocal cords

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17
Q

What is known as the windpipe?

A

Trachea

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18
Q

How many C-shaped hyaline cartilages are on the trachea?

A

16-20

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19
Q

What is the purpose of the Trachea?

A

To lead air into the Bronchi

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20
Q

Where does the Bronchi split into a right and left primary bronchi?

A

Carina

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21
Q

____ has special nerves to indue violent coughing if foreign bodies are present?

A

Carina

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22
Q

What moves air in and out of the lungs directly in addition to mucus membranes to trap debris and pathogens?

A

Bronchial Tree

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23
Q

Where are structures directly involved in the gas exchange?

A

The Respiratory Zone

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24
Q

Where does the respiratory zone begin?

A

Respiratory Bronchiole

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25
Q

Where does gas exchange take place?

A

Alveoli

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26
Q

What does the alveoli have for protection?

A

alveolar macrophages

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27
Q

Cells are highly permeable to _____.

A

gasses

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28
Q

_____ and ____ combine to form a very thin membrane letting gases cross by _____ diffusion.

A

Epithelium and endotheluim. Simple

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29
Q

What contains conducting and respiratory zones? Then performs oxygen and carbon dioxide exchange.

A

The Lungs

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30
Q

How many lobes does the left and right lung have ?

A

left:2 right:3

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31
Q

Where does blood come from?

A

Pulmonary trunk

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32
Q

What do pulmonary capillaries lack?

A

Smooth muscle

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33
Q

What does the parasympathetic system cause?

A

Bronchoconstriction

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34
Q

What does the sympathies system cause?

A

Bronchodilation

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35
Q

What is the cavity that surroundes each lung?

A

pleura

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36
Q

The pleura has a ______ inner layer and a ______ outer layer.

A

Visceral and parietal

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37
Q

What is the act of breathing?

A

Pulmonary ventilation

38
Q

What is moving air in and out of the lungs based upon?

A

The relationship of pressure

39
Q

What is Boyle’s law?

A

The pressure of gas is inversely proportional to its volume.

40
Q

______ ______ is the amount of force exerted by the air.

A

Atmospheric pressure

41
Q

What is the principle of intrapleural pressure?

A

Air pressure in the pleural cavity is always lower than intra-alveolar pressure.

42
Q

What is pressure of air in the alveoli that always equalizes with atmospheric pressure?

A

Intra-alveolar pressure

43
Q

What is the difference between intrapleural pressure and intra-alveolar pressure?

A

Transpulmonary pressure

44
Q

What causes the pressure to change and results in inspiration and exhalation?

A

Contraction of diaphragm and intercostal muscles

45
Q

_____ is when air enters the lung and ______ is when air leaves the lungs.

A

Inspiration and Expiration

46
Q

When the thoracic wall has difficulty expaniding than what else has difficulty expanding?

A

The lungs

47
Q

What is one sequence of inspiration and expiration?

A

A Respiratory Cycle

48
Q

Why is Expiration passive?

A

Lung recoil

49
Q

What type of breath takes no cognitive thought?

A

Quiet breathing

50
Q

______ ________ is the amount of air entering during normal breathing.

A

Tidal volume

51
Q

_______ ______ ________ is the amount of air forcefully exhaled past normal tidal expiration.

A

Expiratory reserve volume

52
Q

______ _____ _____ is the amount of air beyond tidal inspiration that can be inhaled forcefully.

A

Inspiratory reserve volume

53
Q

What is the air left in lungs after maximal expiration that keeps alveoli from collapsing ?

A

Residual volume

54
Q

What is Total lung capacity

A

amount of possible air after forceful inhalation

55
Q

What is the amount of air used beyond the residual volume?

A

Vital capacity

56
Q

What is the sum of tidal volume and inspiratory reserve volume

A

Inspiratory capacity

57
Q

_____ _____ ______ is the amount of air left after tidal expiration.

A

Functional residual capacity

58
Q

What is air that never reaches the alveoli ?

A

Anatomical dead space

59
Q

What is air in alveoli that are unable to function due to disease or abnormal blood flow?

A

Alveolar dead space

60
Q

What is a respiratory rate?

A

Number of breathes per minute

61
Q

What controls your respiratory rate?

A

Medulla Oblongata

62
Q

What groups does the Medulla contain to stimulate the needed muscles?

A

Dorsal respiratory group (quiet) and ventral respiratory group( forced)

63
Q

What is the biggest factor that affects breathing?

A

An increase in CO2 concentration

64
Q

What are other factors that affect breathing?

A

Strenuous exercise and Increase in body temperature

65
Q

What is the difference between Total pressure and Partial pressure?

A

Total pressure is the sum pressure of all gases in the air while partial pressure is the pressure of a single gas in a mixture

66
Q

What is Henry’s Law?

A

The concentration of gas in a liquid is proportional to solubility and pressure

67
Q

What is the flow of blood in capillaries that is regulated by diameter of blood vessels?

A

Perfusion

68
Q

Where does internal respiration take place?

A

At the tissues

69
Q

Where does external respiration take place?

A

The lungs

70
Q

O2 has greater ______ ______ and CO2 has greater _______.

A

Partial pressure, solubility

71
Q

How do most oxygen molecules travel?

A

Attached to hemoglobin in an erythrocyte.

72
Q

______ _____ is how many hemoglobin are filled with O2

A

Saturation rate

73
Q

Muscle tissue has _____ metabolic rate so it will have a ____ pressure gradient.

A

High, larger

74
Q

What causes hemoglobin and O2 to dissociate faster?

A

Warmer temp

75
Q

What can lower pH promote?

A

O2 dissociation from hemoglobin

76
Q

What type of blood has hemoglobin with a greater affinity for O2.

A

Fetal blood

77
Q

How much Carbon Dioxide is dissolved in blood plasma?

A

7-10%

78
Q

How is 20% of CO2 transported?

A

Erythrocytes

79
Q

What is the increased rate of depth and ventilation?

A

Hyperpnea

80
Q

What is the increased rate independent O2 need.

A

Hyperventilation

81
Q

What can hyperventilating lead to ?

A

Low CO2 levels and high blood pH

82
Q

Increase in altitude _______ atmospheric and partial pressure.

A

Decreases

83
Q

Where does Altitude sickness typically start?

A

8000 feet

84
Q

What is acclimatization?

A

The process of adjusting to an environment

85
Q

When does respiratory development begin?

A

Around 4 weeks

86
Q

What forms by week 16?

A

Respiratory bronchioles

87
Q

What may begin in 20 weeks of development

A

Fetal breathing movements

88
Q

When can a fetus breath on its own?

A

28 weeks

89
Q

How long do our respiratory systems develop?

A

About 8 years

90
Q

When is most fluid forced from lungs ?

A

Birth

Human Anatomy and Physiology 2 (5 decks)

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