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Human Anatomy and Physiology 2 > The Respiratory System > Flashcards

The Respiratory System Flashcards

1
Q

What is the Conducting Zone

A

Route for incoming and outgoing air, that removes debris and warms and humidifies air

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2
Q

What organs are apart of the conducting zone

A

nose pharynx, larynx, trachea and bronchial tree

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3
Q

What is the major entrance and exit for the respiratory system?

A

The nose

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4
Q

Where is air moved

A

The pharynx

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5
Q

What are the purpose of sinuses ?

A

To produce mucus and lighten the skull

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6
Q

_____ beat constantly to push mucus and debris towards the throat to be swallowed

A

Cillia

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7
Q

What causes a runny nose?

A

Cold air that causes mucus accumulation

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8
Q

What type of lysozymes enzymes and proteins does mucus have?

A

Defensins

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9
Q

What is the tube that is continuous with the nasal cavity?

A

The Pharynx

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10
Q

The _____ is good for air only. The ____ can have both food and air.

A

Nasopharynx, Oropharynx

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11
Q

The Laryngopharynx plates into larynx ____ and esophagus_____.

A

Anteriorly and Posteriorly

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12
Q

What is the cartilaginous structure connecting the trachea and the pharynx ?

A

The Larynx

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13
Q

What is the Larynx formed by?

A

Thyroid cartilage, epiglottis, and cricoid cartilage

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14
Q

What is the Adam’s apple made of?

A

Thyroid cartilage

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15
Q

What is the elastic cartilage that closes the tube off so food goes to the esophagus?

A

Epiglottis

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16
Q

What produces a deeper voice?

A

Larger folds in the vocal cords

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17
Q

What is known as the windpipe?

A

Trachea

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18
Q

How many C-shaped hyaline cartilages are on the trachea?

A

16-20

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19
Q

What is the purpose of the Trachea?

A

To lead air into the Bronchi

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20
Q

Where does the Bronchi split into a right and left primary bronchi?

A

Carina

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21
Q

____ has special nerves to indue violent coughing if foreign bodies are present?

A

Carina

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22
Q

What moves air in and out of the lungs directly in addition to mucus membranes to trap debris and pathogens?

A

Bronchial Tree

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23
Q

Where are structures directly involved in the gas exchange?

A

The Respiratory Zone

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24
Q

Where does the respiratory zone begin?

A

Respiratory Bronchiole

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25
Where does gas exchange take place?
Alveoli
26
What does the alveoli have for protection?
alveolar macrophages
27
Cells are highly permeable to _____.
gasses
28
_____ and ____ combine to form a very thin membrane letting gases cross by _____ diffusion.
Epithelium and endotheluim. Simple
29
What contains conducting and respiratory zones? Then performs oxygen and carbon dioxide exchange.
The Lungs
30
How many lobes does the left and right lung have ?
left:2 right:3
31
Where does blood come from?
Pulmonary trunk
32
What do pulmonary capillaries lack?
Smooth muscle
33
What does the parasympathetic system cause?
Bronchoconstriction
34
What does the sympathies system cause?
Bronchodilation
35
What is the cavity that surroundes each lung?
pleura
36
The pleura has a ______ inner layer and a ______ outer layer.
Visceral and parietal
37
What is the act of breathing?
Pulmonary ventilation
38
What is moving air in and out of the lungs based upon?
The relationship of pressure
39
What is Boyle's law?
The pressure of gas is inversely proportional to its volume.
40
______ ______ is the amount of force exerted by the air.
Atmospheric pressure
41
What is the principle of intrapleural pressure?
Air pressure in the pleural cavity is always lower than intra-alveolar pressure.
42
What is pressure of air in the alveoli that always equalizes with atmospheric pressure?
Intra-alveolar pressure
43
What is the difference between intrapleural pressure and intra-alveolar pressure?
Transpulmonary pressure
44
What causes the pressure to change and results in inspiration and exhalation?
Contraction of diaphragm and intercostal muscles
45
_____ is when air enters the lung and ______ is when air leaves the lungs.
Inspiration and Expiration
46
When the thoracic wall has difficulty expaniding than what else has difficulty expanding?
The lungs
47
What is one sequence of inspiration and expiration?
A Respiratory Cycle
48
Why is Expiration passive?
Lung recoil
49
What type of breath takes no cognitive thought?
Quiet breathing
50
______ ________ is the amount of air entering during normal breathing.
Tidal volume
51
_______ ______ ________ is the amount of air forcefully exhaled past normal tidal expiration.
Expiratory reserve volume
52
______ _____ _____ is the amount of air beyond tidal inspiration that can be inhaled forcefully.
Inspiratory reserve volume
53
What is the air left in lungs after maximal expiration that keeps alveoli from collapsing ?
Residual volume
54
What is Total lung capacity
amount of possible air after forceful inhalation
55
What is the amount of air used beyond the residual volume?
Vital capacity
56
What is the sum of tidal volume and inspiratory reserve volume
Inspiratory capacity
57
_____ _____ ______ is the amount of air left after tidal expiration.
Functional residual capacity
58
What is air that never reaches the alveoli ?
Anatomical dead space
59
What is air in alveoli that are unable to function due to disease or abnormal blood flow?
Alveolar dead space
60
What is a respiratory rate?
Number of breathes per minute
61
What controls your respiratory rate?
Medulla Oblongata
62
What groups does the Medulla contain to stimulate the needed muscles?
Dorsal respiratory group (quiet) and ventral respiratory group( forced)
63
What is the biggest factor that affects breathing?
An increase in CO2 concentration
64
What are other factors that affect breathing?
Strenuous exercise and Increase in body temperature
65
What is the difference between Total pressure and Partial pressure?
Total pressure is the sum pressure of all gases in the air while partial pressure is the pressure of a single gas in a mixture
66
What is Henry's Law?
The concentration of gas in a liquid is proportional to solubility and pressure
67
What is the flow of blood in capillaries that is regulated by diameter of blood vessels?
Perfusion
68
Where does internal respiration take place?
At the tissues
69
Where does external respiration take place?
The lungs
70
O2 has greater ______ ______ and CO2 has greater _______.
Partial pressure, solubility
71
How do most oxygen molecules travel?
Attached to hemoglobin in an erythrocyte.
72
______ _____ is how many hemoglobin are filled with O2
Saturation rate
73
Muscle tissue has _____ metabolic rate so it will have a ____ pressure gradient.
High, larger
74
What causes hemoglobin and O2 to dissociate faster?
Warmer temp
75
What can lower pH promote?
O2 dissociation from hemoglobin
76
What type of blood has hemoglobin with a greater affinity for O2.
Fetal blood
77
How much Carbon Dioxide is dissolved in blood plasma?
7-10%
78
How is 20% of CO2 transported?
Erythrocytes
79
What is the increased rate of depth and ventilation?
Hyperpnea
80
What is the increased rate independent O2 need.
Hyperventilation
81
What can hyperventilating lead to ?
Low CO2 levels and high blood pH
82
Increase in altitude _______ atmospheric and partial pressure.
Decreases
83
Where does Altitude sickness typically start?
8000 feet
84
What is acclimatization?
The process of adjusting to an environment
85
When does respiratory development begin?
Around 4 weeks
86
What forms by week 16?
Respiratory bronchioles
87
What may begin in 20 weeks of development
Fetal breathing movements
88
When can a fetus breath on its own?
28 weeks
89
How long do our respiratory systems develop?
About 8 years
90
When is most fluid forced from lungs ?
Birth

Human Anatomy and Physiology 2 (5 decks)

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