The Urinary System and Balance Part 3

Question 1

Describe the interactions between fluid and electrolytes to maintain balance and homeostasis.

Answer 1

Increase in solute reabsorption increases the osmotic gradient for water reabsorption.
ADH increases the number of Na+ channels in the apical membrane of principal cells
Angiotensin 2 increases ADH secretion
ANP decreases ADH secretion

Question 2

What are the factors that influence acid-base balance?

Answer 2

Increased pH
-PCO2 levels, when up respiratory acidosis
-Metabolic acidosis-through something other than CO2 i.e.-gain of bicarb (severe vomiting)
Decreased pH
-PCO2 levels, when down, respiratory alkalosis
-Metabolic alkalosis-through something other than CO@
i.e.-loss of bicarb (severe diarrhea)

Question 3

How do buffers in the blood, actions of the respiratory system, and the kidneys compensate for acid-base disturbances?

Answer 3

Buffering of H+: limits changes in pH
Respiratory compensation: can reverse changes in pH
Renal compensation: can reverse changes in pH

Question 4

What is the relationship between blood pressure and blood volume?

Answer 4

When blood volume goes down, blood pressure goes down.

Question 5

Compare long and short term regulation of blood pressure.

Answer 5

Long term regulation of BP is done by the kidneys and the RAAS system. Short term regulation is done with vasoconstriction and vasodilation.

Question 6

What are the major hormones affecting blood volume and describe their actions.

Answer 6

1. ADH-when volume is down ADH is secreted to bring it back up
2. RAAS-when volume is down, the RAAS system brings it back up.

Question 7

If the H+ concentration increases, the kidneys ______ the H+ ion secretion and bicarb reabsorption and synthesis

Answer 7

increase

Question 8

If the H+ concentration decreases, the kidneys ______ the H+ ion secretion and bicarb reabsorption and synthesis

Answer 8

decrease

Question 9

In the DCT, the secretion of hydrogen ions is coupled to the synthesis of new _______.

Answer 9

Bicarbonate ions

Question 10

In the PCT, the secretion of hydrogen is coupled to _______.

Answer 10

Bicarbonate reabsorption

Question 11

In what situation would Glutamine be used to fix acid-base disturbances?

Answer 11

Severe Acidosis

Question 12

What causes respiratory acidosis and how is it compensated for?

Answer 12

Cause: Low pH, High CO2, High Bicarb
Compensation: Renal-increased H secretion, increased bicarb reabsorption

Question 13

What causes metabolic alkalosis and how is it compensated for?

Answer 13

Cause: High pH, High Bicarb, High CO2
Compensation: Respiratory and Renal-decreased ventilation/decreased H secretion, bicarb reabsorption, and synthesis of new bicarb

Question 14

What causes respiratory alkalosis and how is it compensated for?

Answer 14

Cause: High pH, Low CO2, Low Bicarb
Compensation: Renal-decreased H secretion, decreased bicarb reabsorption

Question 15

What causes metabolic acidosis and how is it compensated for?

Answer 15

Cause: Low pH, Low Bicarb, Low CO2
Compensation: Respiratory and Renal-increased ventilation/increased H secretion, bicarb reabsorption, and synthesis of new bicarb (PCT)

Question 16

Which of the three lines of defense fixes disturbances the quickest?

Answer 16

Buffering of H

Question 17

Which of the three lines of defense takes the longest to fix disturbances?

Answer 17

Renal compensation

Question 18

How is H secretion coupled to bicarb reabsorption in the PCT?

Answer 18

When there is an increase in H secretion in the PCT, there is an increase in bicarb reabsorption.

Question 19

How is H secretion coupled to bicarb synthesis in the DCT and CD?

Answer 19

When there is a decrease in H secretion in the DCT and CD, there is a decrease in bicarb synthesis.

Question 20

What is the normal plasma ration of bicarb to CO2?

Answer 20

20:1