Anatomy of the Urinary System

Question 1

What are the important functions of the kidneys?

Answer 1

1. Maintain the chemical consistency of blood
2. Filter fluid from blood
3. Send toxins, metabolic wastes, and water out of the body

Question 2

What are the main waste products of the body?

Answer 2

Urea, Uric Acid, and Creatinine

Question 3

True or False: Long term blood pressure regulation is done by the kidneys

Answer 3

True

Question 4

Where are the kidneys located?

Answer 4

Retroperitoneally. Behind the gut

Question 5

True or False: The superficial most area of the kidneys is called the Renal Cortex.

Answer 5

True. It is Superficial most region and has a granular appearance.

Question 6

The renal medulla consists of….

Answer 6

renal pyramids

Question 7

The renal pelvis consists of….

Answer 7

major and minor calyces

Question 8

True or False: Nephrons start in the renal pyramids and go into the renal cortex.

Answer 8

False, nephrons start in the renal cortex and go into the renal pyramids.

Question 9

What is the path of blood flow in the kidneys?

Answer 9

Aorta—Renal Artery—Segmented Artery—Interlobar Artery—Arcuate Artery—Cortical Radiate Artery—Afferent Glomerular Artery—Glomerulus (capillaries)—Efferent Glomerular Artery—Peritubular Capillaries OR Vasa Recta—Cortical Radiate Vein—Arcuate Vein—Interlobar Vein–Renal Vein—Inferior Vena Cava

Question 10

What is the functional unit of the kidney?

Answer 10

Nephron. There are over 1 million in each kidney.

Question 11

Which portion of the nephron is responsible for filtration?
A. Corpuscle
B. Renal Tubule

Answer 11

A. Corpuscle

Question 12

Which portion of the nephron is responsible for Reabsorption and Secretion?
A. Corpuscle
B. Renal Tubule

Answer 12

B. Renal Tubule

Question 13

The filtration membrane consists of three layers, what are they?

Answer 13

1. fenestrated endothelium of the capillary
2. basement membrane
3. filtration slits between foot processes of podocytes

Question 14

What does the filtration membrane do?

Answer 14

holds back proteins and allows the passage of water, ions, glucose, amino acids, and urea

Question 15

The renal corpuscle is the first part of the nephron, what makes up the renal corpuscle?

Answer 15

Glomerulus, which is a tuft of capillaries and Glomerular (Bowman’s) capsule, which is made up of a parietal layer and a visceral layer that contains podocytes.

Question 16

From the renal corpuscle, filtrate goes to the tubules. What is the anatomy of the tubules?

Answer 16

Proximal convoluted tubule; nephron loop (Loop of Henley), which contains descending limb, descending thin limb, ascending thin limb, and thick ascending limb; distal convoluted tubule; collecting duct

Question 17

True or False: The deeper you get into the Medulla the osomatic gradient increases.

Answer 17

True

Question 18

Which portion of the nephron does most of the reabsorption and secretion?

Answer 18

Proximal Convoluted Tubule

Question 19

Which portion of the nephron is more about urine concentration?

Answer 19

Distal Convoluted Tubule and Nephron Loop

Question 20

What are the two classes of Nephrons and which vasculature is associated with each?

Answer 20

Cortical nephrons are most common and are associated with peritubular capillaries. Juxtamedullary nephrons are associated with vasa recta.

Question 21

Where is the filtrate that becomes urine produced?

Answer 21

Glomeruli

Question 22

True or False: The afferent glomerular arteriole determines filtration rate.

Answer 22

False. The efferent glomerular arteriole determines filtration rate by contracting or dilating when needed.

Question 23

Which part of the nephron regulates blood pressure?

Answer 23

Juxtaglomerular Complex. It is an area of specialized contact between the ascending limb and afferent arteriole.

Question 24

Granular cells are modified smooth muscle cells that secrete a hormone. What is the name and function of the hormone?

Answer 24

Renin is secreted in response to falling blood pressure in the afferent arteriole, which brings blood pressure back up to normal levels.

Question 25

The Juxtaglomerular Complex consists of three types of cells. What are they and what do they do?

Answer 25

1. Macula densa, which is located at the end of the nephron loop and they monitor solute concentration in the filtrate, signals renin secretion. 2. Mesangial cells, which are located at the base of the glomerulus and they regulate blood flow with in the glomerulus. 3. Extraglomerular mesangial cells, interact with macula densa and granular cells and help regulate blood pressure.

Question 26

True or False: Minor changes in blood pressure doesn't have an affect on filtration.

Answer 26

False. Minor changes have a significant affect on filtration. The Juxtaglomerular Complex maintains these changes.

Question 27

Which part pf the nephron is located in the renal cortex? Medulla?

Answer 27

The corpuscle is located in the renal cortex. The renal tubule is located in the medulla.

Question 28

Which mechanisms in the formation of urine involves the glomerular capillaries? Peritubular capillaries?

Answer 28

Glomerular capillaries- Filtration | Peritubular capillaries- Reabsorption and Secretion

Question 29

The Juxtaglomerular Complex regulates blood pressure. How is the renal tubule modified in this region?

Answer 29

It contains secretory cells that secrete renin when a drop in pressure is sensed.

Question 30

Where are the ureters located and what are their function?

Answer 30

The ureters carry urine from the kidneys to the bladder. An oblique entry prevents back flow.

Question 31

What is the histology of the ureters?

Answer 31

Mucosa- transitional epithelium which allows stretch. Muscularis- consists of two layers, inner longitudinal layer and outer circular layer Adventitia- typical connective tissue

Question 32

Describe the structure and function of the urinary bladder.

Answer 32

It is a collapsible muscular sac that stores and expels urine. When it's full, it's spherical and expands into the abdominal cavity. When it's empty, the bladder lies entirely within the pelvis.

Question 33

The urinary bladder consists of three layers. What are they?

Answer 33

1. Mucosa 2. Thick muscular layer-detrusor 3. Fibrous adventitia

Question 34

What is the function of the urethra?

Answer 34

to move wastes from the urinary bladder to the outside world.

Question 35

There are three regions of the urethra in the male urinary system. What are they?

Answer 35

1. Prostatic Urethra 2. Intermediate part of the Urethra 3. Spongy Urethra

Question 36

There are two regions of the urethra in the female urinary system. What are they?

Answer 36

1. Internal Urethral Sphincter | 2. External Urethral Sphincter

Question 37

What is micturition? Explain it's neural control.

Answer 37

Micturition is ejection of urine from the urinary bladder through the urethra to the outside of the body. It is regulated by spinal control senses the stretch receptors. The spinal cord then sends signals via Parasympathetic, Sympathetic, and Somatic neurons. This can be overridden by voluntary control in trained individuals.