The Endocrine System

Question 1

Name the primary endocrine glands and the hormones associated with them.

Answer 1

Hypothalamus-PRH, PIH (dopamine), TRH, CRH, GHRH, GHIH, GnRH
Anterior Pituitary-Prolactin, TSH, ACTH, GH, LH, FSH
Posterior Pituitary-ADH and Oxytocin
Pineal gland-Melatonin
Thyroid-T4, T3, Calcitonin
Parathyroid-PTH
Thymus
Adrenal gland-aldosterone, cortisol, androgens
Pancreas-Insulin and glucagon
Gonads-androgens, testosterone, androstenedione, progesterone, estridol

Question 2

Name the secondary endocrine glands and the hormones associated with them.

Answer 2

Heart-ANP
Kidneys-erythropoietin, Vitamin D3
GI tract-CCK, secretin, gastrin
Liver-insulin-like growth factors (somatomedins)
Skin-Vitamin D3
Fat-leptin

Question 3

Describe the link between the hypothalamus with the anterior pituitary.

Answer 3

the anterior lobe of the pituitary gland and the cells of the hypothalamus that controls it secrete primarily trophic hormones, which are hormones that regulate secretion of other hormones.

Question 4

Describe the link between the hypothalamus with the posterior pituitary.

Answer 4

The posterior lobe of the pituitary gland contains neural tissue consisting of the axon terminals of neurons originating in the hypothalamus.

Question 5

Describe the role of tropic hormones in regulating the release of other hormones

Answer 5

A tropic hormone can be a stimulating hormone, which increases the secretion of another hormone, or an inhibiting hormone, which decreases the secretion of another hormone.

Question 6

Describe the feedback loops involved with regulating tropic hormones.

Answer 6

The hormone whose secretion is stimulated by the tropic hormone generally leads back to the hypothalamus to inhibits secretion of the tropic hormone, thereby limiting its own secretion. This is called long loop negative feedback. The tropic hormone from the anterior pituitary may act through negative feedback on the hypothalamus to decrease its own release. The inhibition of hypothalamic trophic hormones by the anterior pituitary hormones, called short loop negative feedback.

Question 7

ADH and Oxytocin are released from the posterior pituitary gland. Which type of cells releases these hormones?

Answer 7

ADH is synthesized primarily in the paraventricular nucleus and oxytocin is synthesized primarily in the supraoptic nucleus.

Question 8

What are the hypothalamic tropic hormones and how do they affect the release of a hormone in the anterior pituitary?

Answer 8

PRH-stimulates Prolactin release
PIH (dopamine)-inhibits Prolactin release
TRH-stimulates Thyroid Stimulating Hormone
CRH-stimulates ACTH
GHRH-stimulates growth hormone
GHIH-inhibits growth hormone
GnRH-stimulates gonadal hormones

Question 9

What is the difference between short loop and long loop negative feedback?

Answer 9

Short loop-hormones comes from the anterior pituitary and goes to the hypothalamus
Long loop-hormones come from the endocrine gland and the hypothalamus.

Question 10

From the thyroid gland  out of the three hormones that are released, which controls calcium levels?  
A. T3
B. T4
C. Calcitonin
D. All of the above

Answer 10

C

Question 11

Which hormones are released from the adrenal cortex?

Answer 11

Mineralcorticoids (aldosterone)
Glucocorticoids (cortisol) 
Sex hormones (androgens)

Question 12

Which hormones are released from the adrenal medulla?

Answer 12

epinephrine, norepinephrine, and dopamine

Question 13

Describe the hormonal control during absorptive states .

Answer 13

Insulin is the hormone in control of the absorptive state

Question 14

Describe the hormonal control during the postabsorptive state.

Answer 14

Glucagon is the hormone in control of the post absorptive state.

Question 15

The concentration of _______ is increased during the absorptive period?

Answer 15

Insulin

Question 16

Sympathetic nervous activity and epinephrine promote metabolic reactions characteristic of the __________ state.

Answer 16

Postabsorptive

Question 17

True or False: Gluconeogenesis is promoted by insulin

Answer 17

False

Question 18

True or False: Glucose uptake is promoted by insulin

Answer 18

True

Question 19

True or False: Glycogenolysis is promoted by glycogen

Answer 19

True

Question 20

True or False: Glycogen synthesis is promoted by glucagon

Answer 20

False

Question 21

True or False: Catabolism of energy is promoted by insulin

Answer 21

False

Question 22

True or False: Protein synthesis is promoted by insulin

Answer 22

True

Question 23

True or False: a decrease is blood glucose levels is due to glucagon

Answer 23

True

Question 24

True or False: Triglyceride synthesis is promoted by insulin

Answer 24

True

Question 25

True or False: Lipolysis is promoted by glucagon

Answer 25

True

Question 26

What does insulin secretion increase during the absorptive state?

Answer 26

Glucose in plasma
Amino acids in plasma
Parasympathetic Nervous System
GIP

Question 27

What does insulin secretion decrease during the postabsorptive state?

Answer 27

Sympathetic Nervous System activity

Epinephrine

Question 28

What is glucose sparing?

Answer 28

When glucose in the blood is low, glycogen stops the uptake of glucose to muscles, etc… and has them use amino acids instead, saving the glucose for your brain

Question 29

what does glucagon secretion increase during the postabsorptive state?

Answer 29

Sympathetic Nervous System

Epinephrine

Question 30

What are the actions of glucagon?

Answer 30

Glyconeolysis
Lipolysis
Gluconeogenesis

Question 31

What are the actions of insulin?

Answer 31

Glycogen synthesis
Triglyceride synthesis
Increase glucose uptake

Question 32

Is insulin catabolic or anabolic?

Answer 32

anabolic

Question 33

Is glucagon catabolic or anabolic?

Answer 33

catabolic