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A&P2 > Renal Function > Flashcards

Renal Function Flashcards

1
Q

How does urinary excretion of solutes and water influence the volume and composition of plasma? What other processes affect plasma volume and concentration?

A
  • Increased excretion of water: decreases the volume of plasma, increases solute composition of plasma.
  • Increased solute excretion: decreases volume of plasma, decrease in solute concentration.
  • Other processes: RAAS, Angiotensin process
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2
Q

Name the functions of the Urinary System.

A
  1. regulates plasma ionic composition (Na/K)
  2. regulates plasma volume (long term BP reg)
  3. regulate plasma osmolarity
  4. regulate plasma pH
  5. remove metabolic waste products and other foreign substances from plasma
  6. secrete erythropoietin and renin
  7. activate vitamin D3 to calcitriol
  8. gluconeogenesis
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3
Q

In glomerular filtration, how does filtrate move?

A

from glomerulus to Bowman’s capsule

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4
Q

In reabsorption, how does filtrate move?

A

from tubules to peritubular capillaries

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5
Q

In secretion, how does filtrate move?

A

from peritubular capillaries to tubules

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6
Q

In excretion, how does filtrate move?

A

from tubules out of body

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7
Q

How many ml/L of filtrate get filtered in glomerular filtration?

A

125 mL/min or 180 L/day

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8
Q

There are three layers that filtrate must cross to get to the Bowman’s capsule from the Glomerulus. What are they?

A
  1. Fenestrated capillaries
  2. Glomerular basement membrane
  3. Visceral layer of the glomerular capsule
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9
Q 
Which Starling Forces favor filtration? Choose all that apply: 
A. Hydrostatic Pressure of GC
B. Oncotic Pressure of BC
C. Hydrostatic Pressure of BC
D. Oncotic Pressure of GC
A

A. with a value of 60mmHg and B. with a value of 0mmHG

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10
Q 
Which Starling Forces oppose filtration? Choose all that apply: 
A. Hydrostatic Pressure of GC
B. Oncotic Pressure of BC
C. Hydrostatic Pressure of BC
D. Oncotic Pressure of GC
A

C. with a value of 15mmHg and D. with a value of 29mmHg

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11
Q

What is the formula for finding Glomerular Filtration Pressure (GFP)?

A

(Pgc+Onc.bc)-(Pbc+Onc.gc)

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12
Q

What is the formula for finding the percentage of plasma filtered out every minute? (Filtration Fraction)

A

Glomerular Filtration Rate
_____________________
Plasma Flow Rate

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13
Q

True or False: 100% of glucose is filtered out.

A

True. We will reabsorb all of it. If saturation occurs, the excess with be excreted.

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14
Q

What percentage of filtered fluid is reabsorbed?

A

99.2%

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15
Q

True or False: A large increase in GFR means a large increase in volume of fluid filtered and excreted.

A

False. A small increase in GFR means a large increase in volume of fluid filtered and excreted.

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16
Q

In what range is there intrinsic control of GFR?

A

80-180mmHg. Anything outside that range is controlled extrinsically.

17
Q

What are the intrinsic regulators of GFR and how do they work?

A

Myogenic regulation: smooth muscle in the wall of afferent arterioles sense an increase in BP and contract in response to the stretch.
Tubuloglomerular feedback: Macula densa cells secrete paracrine factors in response to an increase flow past them. Smooth muscles contract in response.
Mesangial cell contraction: contract to deep pressure

18
Q

What controls GFR extrinsically?

A

Decreases in BP can decrease GFR. This is caused by dehydration, hemorrhage, and the like. It is done to conserve volume.

19
Q

Extrinsic Control of BP and MAP

A

Neural and Hormonal controls

20
Q

Is the control of afferent and efferent arteriolar resistance by renal sympathetic neurons an example of intrinsic or extrinsic control? Why?

A

Extrinsic, because it originates outside of the nephron

21
Q

How does an increase in sympathetic activity tend to affect GFR?

A

An increase in sympathetic activity will decrease GFR.

22
Q

There are two types of reabsorption. What are they and where do they occur?

A
  1. Unregulated: occurs in the PCT

2. Regulated: occurs in DCT and collecting ducts -regulated by hormones.

23
Q

What are the barriers for reabsorption and secretion?

A

Epithelial cells of renal tubules and endothelial cells of capillaries (minimal).

24
Q

True or False: The osmolarity of filtrate in the glomerular capsule is equal to that of blood plasma.

A

True, they are isoosmotic.

25
Q

With reabsorption, both Active and Passive Transport are used. Which proton uses Active Transport and which uses Passive Transport?

A

Sodium uses a Na/K pump to be actively pumped out of cells. The pumping of Sodium cause water and Chloride are passively transported into the cell.

26
Q

True or False: Sodium follows water from the ISF to the blood.

A

False. Water follows Sodium.

27
Q

What is Transport Maximum?

A

The rate of transport when carriers are saturated.

28
Q

What is renal threshold?

A

the amount of solute that can be transported by carriers. when saturation occurs, the excess is excreted in urine.

29
Q

What are the structural differences between the epithelial cells of the PCT and DCT? Which one is more favorable for exchange?

A

The PCT has brush border (microvilli), leaky tight junctions on the apical side, and a transporter for glucose. The DCT has “tight” tight junctions, no microvilli, and doesn’t transport glucose.

The proximal convoluted tubule is more favorable for exchange.

30
Q

What regulates reabsorption and secretion in the renal tubules?

A

The Endocrine System aka Hormones

31
Q 
Which of the following allows voluntary inhibition of micturition through innervation? 
A. Internal Urethral Sphincter
B. External Urethral Sphincter
C. Urethra
D. Pelvic Floor
A

B. External Urethral Sphincter

32
Q

What events happen during micturition?

A

Stretch recepters sense that the bladder is full, sending a message to the micturition center in the Pons. The detrusor muscles contract and inhibition of sympathetic innervation on the Internal Urethral Sphincter relaxes. One feels the need to urinate and controls flow with the External Urethral Sphincter.

33
Q

What events happen during micturition?

A

Stretch recepters sense that the bladder is full, sending a message to the micturition center in the Pons. The detrusor muscles contract and inhibition of sympathetic innervation on the Internal Urethral Sphincter relaxes. One feels the need to urinate and controls flow with the External Urethral Sphincter.

34
Q

What is the guarding reflex?

A

the bladder is relaxed and the sphincters are tight, letting one go about their business without urine free flowing.

A&P2 (10 decks)

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