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Anatomy and Physiology > The Urinary System > Flashcards

The Urinary System Flashcards

0
Q

Discuss the role of the kidney in water and electrolyte balance

A
  • The minimum urinary output is 500ml/Day and anything more is controlled by ADH released by the posterior pituitary gland.
  • Sensory nerves in the hypothalamus detect changes in the osmotic pressure of blood which stimulates the release of ADH.
  • Reabsorption of water by the cells in the distal convoluted tubules and collecting ducts is increased reducing pressure and ADH release.
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1
Q

Identify the components of the urinary system and discuss their function.

A
  • 2 Kidneys - extreme urine, regulate body fluid volume, electrolyte balance, acid-base balance, hormone production and activation of Vit D
  • 2 Ureters - Convey the urine from the kidneys to the bladder
  • The Urinary Bladder - where the urine collects and is temporarily stored
  • The urethra - where urine is discharged from the bladder to exterior.
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2
Q

How do the kidneys control sodium and potassium balance?

A
  • Sodium is normally found in the urine and is controlled by aldosterone.
  • Cells in the nephron are stimulated to produce renin by sympathetic stimulation, low BV or low BP.
  • Renin converts angiotensinogen into angiotensin. Angiotensin converting enzyme (ACE) in proximal convoluted tubules convert angiotensin I into angiotensin II (powerful vasoconstrictor)
  • Renin and raised blood potassium levels stimulate the adrenal gland to secrete aldosterone.
  • Water is reabsorbed with sodium, increases BV leading to reduced renin secretion through negative feedback.
  • Sodium Reabsorption increased, potassium secretion increased and intracellular potassium reduced.
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3
Q

How do they kidneys control calcium balance?

A
  • Co-ordination of parathyroid hormone (PTH) and calcitonin.

- Distal collecting tubules reabsorb more calcium in response to PTH and reabsorb less in response to calcitonin.

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4
Q

Discuss the role of the kidneys in the maintenance of acid-base balance?

A
  • The cells in the proximal convoluted tubules secrete hydrogen ions to maintain blood pH.
  • In the filtrate they combine with buffers: bicarbonate forming carbonic acid, ammonia forming ammonium ions, hydrogen phosphate forming dihydrogen phosphate.
  • Carbonic acid forms CO2 + H2O
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5
Q

Define the terms acidosis and alkalosis.

A
  • ACIDOSIS -
    When the body produces excessive quantities of acid or the kidneys are not removing enough acid from the body (too much H+)
  • ALKALOSIS -
    When there is a decrease in H+ ions leading to an increase of bicarbonate. Not enough acid to neutralise this.
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6
Q

Discuss the process of micturition and explain how it is controlled.

A
  • When the bladder is full, sensory impulses are sent to the brain and micturition begins.
  • Awareness of the need to pass urine causes contraction of the external urethral sphincter and muscles of the pelvic floor inhibiting micturition.
  • Micturition occurs when the detrusor muscle contracts causing reflex relaxation of the external sphincter and urination occurs
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7
Q

Discuss the composition and appearance of urine and appreciate how these may vary under different conditions

A
  • COMPOSITION -
    Water (96%), urea, uric acid, creatine, ammonia, sodium, potassium, oxalates, chlorides, phosphates, sulphates. (All 2% each)
    Urine is clear and Amber in colour.
    pH between 4.5-8 - 1000-1500ml/day
  • COLOUR CHANGES -
    Dehydration, excess water intake, medications, diet, vitamins and infections.
  • ODOUR CHANGES -
    Infection, kidney stones, diabetes, diet.
  • FREQUENCY CHANGES -
    Overactive bladder, UTI, cystitis, diabetes, benign prostate enlargement, neurological disorders.
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8
Q

What are the main structures of the kidney?

A
  • CAPSULE - protection
  • THE CORTEX - layers of tissue
  • THE MEDULLA - pale conical shaped straitions (renal pyramids)
  • THE HILUM - concave medial border of the kidney where the renal blood, lymph vessels, ureter and nerves enter
  • THE RENAL PELVIS - funnel-shaped structure that acts as a receptacle for urine.
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9
Q

What is the proximal convoluted tubule?

A
  • long length and micro villi with mitochondria for active transport.
  • reabsorbs greater variety of chemicals than any other part of the nephron:
    SODIUM - 65%
    GLUCOSE - 100%
    AMINO ACIDS - 100%
    WATER - 65%
    When transport proteins in plasma membrane are saturated; glucose remains in urine.
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10
Q

What electrolytes are absorbed in the Loop of Henle?

A

SODIUM - 25%
WATER - 25%
- counter current exchange conserves electrolytes when needed!

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11
Q

What electrolytes are reabsorbed at the distal tubule and collecting duct?

A

SODIUM - 8-10%
WATER - 8-10%
Regulates by hormones

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12
Q

What electrolytes are secreted by the distal tubule/collecting ducts?

A

Potassium

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13
Q

What hormones act on the kidneys?

A

Aldosterone

Atrial Natriuretic Peptide (ANP)

Anti-Diuretic Hormone (ADH)

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14
Q

What substances are produced by the kidneys?

A

Erythropoietin

Renin

Activates Vit D

Calcitriil

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15
Q

What is tubular reabsorption?

A

Removes useful salutes from the filtrate and returns them to blood

16
Q

What is tubular secretion?

A

Removes waste from the blood and passes it into filtrate

17
Q

How does water conservation work?

A

Removes water from the urine and returns to blood

18
Q

Describe the characteristics of the filtration membrane

A
  • filtration takes place across the semi-permeable membrane of the glomerulus
  • this consists of a single layer of flattened epithelial cells with pores penetrating through to filter plasma for waste and useful nutrients.
19
Q

What is Glomerular Filtration (GF)

A

The filtration of protein-free plasma from the glomerulus to the Bowman’s Capsule. RBC/WBC stay in blood.

20
Q

Explain the process involved in the formation of urine

A

FILTRATION - RBC/WBC and proteins are too big, filtrate is similar to plasma
SELECTIVE REABSORPTION - the composition and volume of the filtrate are altered during passage through nephron. Components needed for electrolyte balance and pH are re-absorbed by active transport. Regulated by PTH, ADH, aldosterone and ANP.
TUBULAR SECRETION - substances not required and foreign materials are secreted through urine.

21
Q

The proximal tubule of the nephron

A

Reabsorbed most of the sodium ions in glomerular filtrate

22
Q

ADH:

A

Makes the collecting ducts more permeable to water

23
Q

Renin release:

A

Is promoted by reduced arteriolar stretch in the glomerulus

Anatomy and Physiology (15 decks)

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