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Anatomy and Physiology > The Digestive System > Flashcards

The Digestive System Flashcards

1
Q

Describe the arrangement of the organs and the peritoneum

A
  • PELVIC ORGANS - covered on superior surface
  • STOMACH AND INTESTINES - invaginated behind and completely surrounded with a double fold (attached it to abdominal wall)
  • PANCREAS, SPLEEN, KIDNEYS and ADRENAL GLANDS - invaginated from behind and pushed against abdominal wall
  • THE LIVER - invaginated from above, almost completely covered, attached to diaphragm
  • BLOOD VESSELS - pass close to the abdominal wall and send branches to the organs between the peritoneum
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2
Q

What are the specialise areas of the peritoneum?

A
  • MESENTRY - a double layer of visceral peritoneum that attaches an organ to the body wall
  • OMENTUM - a double layer of visceral peritoneum that attaches one organ to another
  • PERITONEUM CAVITY - between the visceral and parietal - contains serious fluid
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3
Q

What is the function of the mouth?

A
  • Bound by muscles and bones
  • Lined with mucous membranes consisting of stratified squamous epithelium containing small mucus-secreting glands
  • teeth are used for grinding and chewing
  • The tongue plays an important part is mastication, deglutination (swallowing), speech and taste
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4
Q

What is the structure and function of the salivary glands

A

3 main parts (glands):
PAROTID - either side of mouth
SUBMANDIBULAR - on each side of face, under the jaw
SUBLINGUAL - under mucous membranes of the floor of the mouth.
- Chemical digestion of polysaccharides (complex sugars and starch)
- Lubrication of food
- Cleaning
- Non-specific defence (lysosome, immunoglobuns and clotting factors)
- Taste

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5
Q

What is the structure and function of the pharynx

A

3 parts - nasopharynx, orapharynx and laryngopharynx

- food passes from oral cavity into the pharynx then to the oesophagus below.

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6
Q

What is the structure and function of the oesophagus?

A 
4 layers of tissue:
MUCOSA 
SUBMUCOSA
MUSCULARIS EXTERNA
SEROSA
The functions of the mouth, pharynx and oesophagus together are the formation of bolus and swallowing
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7
Q

What is the structure and function of the stomach

A

Continuous with the oesophagus at the cardiac sphincter and with the duodenum at the pyloric sphincter.

  • when the stomach is relaxed the pyloric sphincter opens and vice versa.
  • Functions: storage, chemodigestion, mechanical breakdown and defence hormones
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8
Q

What are the main cells of the stomach and what do they do

A
  • PARIETAL CELLS - secrete HCl and intrinsic factors to acidity the food and stop the actions of salivary amylase. Also kills microbes and activates pepsinogen.
  • CHIEF CELLS - secrete pepsinogen which is activated into pepsin which is important for protein digestion!
  • ENTEROENDOCRINE CELLS - secrete Gastrin stimulates the production of HCl and pepsinogen and also increases stomach motility and secretion
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9
Q

What is the structure and function of the liver

A
  • Lies in the hypochondrium and epigastrium.
  • very large organ with 4 lobes!
  • important in bile production and metabolism.
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10
Q

What is the structure and function of the gall bladder

A
  • Sack-like structure
  • Stores and concentrates bile
  • Bilary tree shows movement of bile between the liver, duodenum and gall bladder
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11
Q

What is the structure and function of the pancreas

A
  • Retroperitoneal - sits in curve of duodenum
  • has head, body and tail!
  • EXOCRINE -
  • Secretes 1.5L of pancreatic juice a day
  • Acini Cells secrete enzymes (propeptidases, amylase, lipase, (deoxy)ribonuclease) secreted through ducts
  • ENDOCRINE -
  • Islets of Langerhan secrete Glucagon (alpha cells) and Insulin (beta cells) which are secreted directly into blood
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12
Q

What is the function of propeptidases?

A
  • digest proteins
  • trypsinogen converted into TRYPSIN which:
  • converters CHYMOTRYPSINOGEN into TRYPSINOGEN
  • converters PROCARBOXYPEPTIDE into CARBOXYPEPTIDE
    Both of these substances break down amino acids
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13
Q

What is the function of amylase?

A

Digests carbohydrates

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14
Q

What is the function of lipase?

A

Digestion of fats

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15
Q

What is the function of glucagon?

A

Increases blood glucose levels

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16
Q

What is the function of insulin?

A

Decreases blood glucose levels

17
Q

What is the structure and function of the small intestine?

A

3 parts - duodenum, jejunum and ileum

  • modified to increase surface area for better absorption (villi, microvilli)
  • MECHANICAL DIGESTION - acid chyme mixed with pancreatic juice, bile and intestinal juice. Carbs, fats and proteins broken down
18
Q

Describe the peritoneum

A

The largest serious membrane in the body!
- double layered and covers the abdominal and pelvic cavities
- has a rich blood supply of blood and lymph
- a physical barrier to local spread of infection
TWO LAYERS
- parietal - lines abdominal wall
- visceral - covers the organs

19
Q

Explain the digestion of proteins

A
  • Trypsinogen and Chymotrypsinogen activated by enterokinase and converted into trypsin and chymotrypsin
  • These enzymes convert polypeptides into tripeptides and dipeptides into amino acids
20
Q

Explain the digestion of carbohydrates

A

Pancreatic amylase converts all digestible polysaccharides (starches) not acted upon by salivary amylase to disaccharides

21
Q

Explain the digestion of fats

A

Lipase converts fats to fatty acids and glycerol. Bile salts emulsify fats and reduce the size of globules increasing their surface area and making digestion easier!

22
Q

What is the function of the large intestines?

A

Absorption of water and electrolytes.
Storage of undigested materials.
Contain goblet cells for mucous secretion!

23
Q

What do goblet cells secrete?

A

Mucous

24
Q

What does cholesystokinin (CCK) do?

A

STIMULATES:
- Pancreatic acini cells to secrete enzymes.
- The Gall bladder to release bile
- The sphincter of Oddi to relax
Also decreases gastric motility and secretion

25
Q

What does Secretin do?

A

Stimulates the pancreatic duct cells to secrete water and sodium bicarbonate.
Also stimulates the liver to secrete bile.
Decreases gastric motility and secretions

26
Q

How are lipids transported?

A

Transported as lipoprotein droplets (LD’s). If they are high density it means there is more protein and less fat!

  • VLDLs (very low density) - transport triglycerides and cholesterol from liver to adipocytes to be stored (very bad for you)
  • LDL’s (low density) - transport cholesterol to tissues (bad for you)
  • HDL’s (high density) - remove cholesterol and return it to liver for elimination! (Good for you)
27
Q

What substance is secreted by pancreatic alpha cells?

A

Glucagon

28
Q

What substance is secreted by pancreatic beta cells?

A

Insulin

29
Q

What is mechanical digestion?

A

Chewing, churning and swallowing

30
Q

What is chemical digestion?

A

Digestion by enzymes, water, salts, buffers, mucous, bile and hormones

31
Q

What does trypsin?

A
  • activated pro-peptidases in duodenum and breaks down proteins
32
Q

Proteins are acted upon in the stomach by:

A

Pepsin

33
Q

Starch digestion in begins in the mouth when _____ is ducted in by the salivary glands

A

Salivary amylase

34
Q

The substance that activates enzymes in the stomach and in the duodenum:

A

Trypsin (hormonal stimulus)

35
Q

A non-enzyme substance that causes fat to be dispersed into smaller globules is:

A

Bile

36
Q

The small intestine is protected from the corrosive action of acidic chyme by _________, which is ducted in by the pancreas

A

Bicarbonate-rich fluid

Anatomy and Physiology (15 decks)

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