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Anatomy and Physiology > Immunology And Defence > Flashcards

Immunology And Defence Flashcards

1
Q

What are lymph vessels?

A

Capillaries - some structure as blood capillaries, join to form up larger lymph vessels (more permeable)

Larger lymph vessels - contain numerous cup-shaped valves to ensure that lymph flows in one way. Forms 2 large ducts - thoracic and right lymphatic which empty into subclavian veins.

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2
Q

What are lymph nodes?

A

Oval/bean-shaped organs that lie (in groups) along the length of lymph vessels. Lymph drains through nodes before returning to venous circulation.

Filtering, phagocytosis and proliferation of lymphocytes.

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3
Q

What are the organs of the lymphatic system?

A
  • SPLEEN - contains reticular and lymphatic tissue and is the largest lymph organ. Phagocytosis, storage of blood, immune response and erythropoiesis
  • THYMUS - Produces mature T-lymphocytes that distinguish between ‘self’ and ‘foreign’
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4
Q

How do the tonsils contribute towards the lymphatic system?

A

Destroy swallowed and inhaled antigens

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5
Q

Discuss the basic structure of the lymph nodes

A
  • Have an outer capsule of fibrous tissue that dips down into the nose substance forming partitions (trabeculae)
  • Consists of reticular and lymphatic tissue containing lymphocytes and macrophages
  • 4 or 5 Afferent large vessels and only 1 efferent
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6
Q

Lymph from the head and neck:

A

Pass through deep and superficial CERVICAL NODES

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7
Q

Lymph from the upper limbs:

A

Passes through nodes situated in the elbow region, then through deep and superficial AXILLARY NODES

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8
Q

Describe the function of the lymphatic system

A
  • TISSUE DRAINAGE -
    3-4L a day drained away by lymph vessels.
  • ABSORPTION -
    In the small intestine - fat and fat-soluble materials (vitamins) are absorbed into the central lacteals (lymphatic vessels)
  • IMMUNITY -
    Production and maturation of lymphocytes
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9
Q

State the 5 Cardinal signs of inflammation

A

Heat

Redness

Swelling

Pain

Loss of function

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10
Q

Why is FEVER a part of the inflammatory response?

A

High temperature triggered by resetting hypothalamic thermostat triggered by toxins/cytokines. Inhibits bacterial growth and speeds up enzyme reactions aiding tissue repair

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11
Q

Why is REDNESS a part of the inflammatory response?

A

Increased blood flow due to vasodilation. Triggered by local release of chemical mediators from damaged cells (histamine and serotonin). Brings more oxygen and nutrients to the site

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12
Q

Why does inflammation happen?

A

Vasodilation and increased permeability.
Accumulation of blood.
Leakage of clotting proteins/clot formation
Chemotaxis of neutrophils/macrophages and engulfment of microbes
Death of phagocytes (formation of pus)
Initiation of tissue repair

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13
Q

Why is pain a part of the inflammatory response?

A

Swelling compressed sensory nerve endings.
Exacerbated by chemical mediators that potentials the sensitivity of sensory nerve endings to stimuli.
May indirectly promote healing as it encourages protection of damaged site

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14
Q

What is a lymphocyte?

A
  • smaller than monocytes and have a large nuclei. The circulate in the blood and are present in lymphatic tissues
  • Develop from stem cells in red bone marrow and from precursors in lymphoid tissue then travel elsewhere in the body where they are activated and response to antigens.
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15
Q

What is a T-Lymphocyte?

A
  • Produced by the thymus gland (stimulated by thymosin)
  • Each t-cell is programmed to recognise 1 antigen and only react to that one.
  • kill virus-infected cells
  • resistance against intracellular pathogens
  • activate macrophages
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16
Q

What are B-lymphocytes?

A
  • Produced in the bone marrow.
  • Production of antibodies which are proteins designed to bind to and destroy antigens
  • Antibody-mediated immunity
17
Q

What are neutrophils?

A

They are leukocytes that protect against foreign material entering the body (microbes) and remove waste material. They are attracted to infection sites by chemotoxins and engulf and kill microbes.

18
Q

What are eosinophils?

A

They are capable of phagocytosis but are less active than neutrophils. They eliminate parasites (worms) and are equipped with certain toxic chemicals (stored in their granules).
They are usually found at the site of an allergic reaction (asthma) and promote tissue inflammation by releasing chemicals.

19
Q

What are basophils?

A

Closely associated with allergic reactions and contain heparin, histamine and other inflammatory agents.
Stimulated by allergens

20
Q

What is a monocytes?

A

Originate from the red bone marrow and are actively motile and phagocytic. Some migrate into tissue where they develop into macrophages.
They produce interleukin 1 which acts on the hypothalamus causing increased temperature and stimulates the release of globulins by the liver.
Also stimulates T-cell production

21
Q

What is innate immunity?

A
  • physical barriers
  • natural
  • local anti-microbial substances
  • phagocytes and natural killer cells
  • inflammation/fever
22
Q

What is adaptive immunity?

A
  • clonal selection and memory
  • acquired
  • b-cells and antibody mediated immunity
  • t-cells and cell-mediated immunity

1) memory 2) specificity 3) discrimination (self and ‘non-self’)
Recognise pathogens using cell-surface receptors.

23
Q

How do antibodies help the immune response?

A
  • all produced by a single b-cell or plasma cell and have identical antigen specificity.
  • block the binding of pathogens and toxins
  • facilitate phagocytosis
  • kill bacteria by activating complement (causes cell death)
24
Q

What are phagocytes?

A

WBC and tissue-dwelling cells able to ingest and kill microbes
-monocytes -neutrophils -macrophages

1) attachment by non-specific receptor
2) pseudopodia forming a phagosome
3) lysosome fusion and killing
4) release of microbial products

25
Q

What are polymorphonuclear cells (PMNs)

A
  • first to arrive at site of infection
  • neutrophils, eosinophils, basophils
  • granules - chemical attack
26
Q

What are natural killer (NK) cells?

A

WBC’s and tissue-dwelling cells able to recognise and kill infections

27
Q

What are the inflammatory mediators?

A
  • Histamine/prostaglandins/leukotrienes
  • Cytokines/chemokines (interferon)
  • Lysosome
28
Q

What cells are involved in the humoral response?

A

B-cells

29
Q

The following pathway describes lymphatic flow

A

Capillaries ~ Larger Vessels ~ Lymph Nodes ~ Larger Vessels ~ Thoracic Duct ~ Left Subclavian Vein ~ Systemic Circulation

30
Q

What is NOT an example of a non-specific defence?

A

Vaccination

31
Q

What is lymph?

A

Watery fluid containing plasma proteins. It carries large molecules (bacteria) to be filtered out and destroyed by the lymph nodes.

Contains lymphocytes (patrol body)

Anatomy and Physiology (15 decks)

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