the urinary system Flashcards
1
Q
what are the 4 components of the urinary system?
A
- kidney
- ureters
- urinary bladder
- urethra
2
Q
what does the kidney do?
A
- fitter (extracts and removes metabolic waste from the blood)
- blood pressure (provides the force)
3
Q
what is used to help the kidney filter blood?
A
the force of blood pressure
4
Q
what do the ureters do?
A
internal transportation
5
Q
what does the urinary bladder do
A
store the urine
6
Q
what does the urethra do?
A
internal to external transportation
7
Q
Where are the kidneys located?
A
- dorsal aspect of the abdominal cavity
- outside of the peritoneum (retroperitoneal)
- Is ventral to the 1st few lumbar vertebrae
- The right kidney is slightly more cranial and is more firmly attached
- is lateral the the aorta and the posterior vena cava
8
Q
Renal
A
of, relating to, in the region of, the kidneys
9
Q
the shape of most kidneys
A
bean
10
Q
the shape of bird kidneys
A
3 lobed
11
Q
shape of bovine kidney
A
multi lobed
12
Q
the shape of a horse kidney
A
heart
13
Q
Where is peri-renal fat located?
A
outside the kidney capsule
sometimes completely envelops the kidney (bovine)
14
Q
what does peri-renal fat do?
A
protects
insulates
15
Q
what is often called suet?
A
peri-renal fat
16
Q
what are the 5 external renal structures
A
- anterior pole
- posterior pole
- capsule
- hilus
- renal artery and vein
17
Q
anterior pole
A
external structure
cranial
rounded end of the kidney
18
Q
posterior pole
A
external structure
caudal
rounded end of the kidney
19
Q
Capsule
A
external structure
- tough, white connective tissue covering
- maintains the kidney shape
- when cut, the kidney tissue pops/bulges out
20
Q
Hilus
A
external structure
- medial border of the kidney
- concave depression
- entrance for blood vessels and ureters (where everything enters and exits)
21
Q
Renal artery
A
external structure
- derived from the aorta
- enters the kidney at the hilus
- more cranial
- smaller in diameter and stiffer
22
Q
Renal vein
A
external structure
- joins the posterior vena cava
- exits the kidney at the hilus
23
Q
what are the 4 major divisions of the kidney
A
- Cortex
- medulla
- renal pelvis
- renal papilla
24
Q
cortex
A
internal division of the kidney
- is the outer/peripheral layer of the kidney
25
what 4 things does the cortex contain
most of the nephron:
1. glomerulus
2. bowman's capsule
3. proximal convoluted tubule
4. distal convoluted tubule
loop of Henle is not in the cortex
26
Medula
internal division of the kidney
- pyramid shaped with the base towards the cortex and apex towards the hilus
27
what is the medula subdivided into?
Outer medulary zone
inner medulary zone
28
outer medulary zone
dark red
contains the loop of Henle and the collecting tubules
29
where is the loop of Henle located
outer medulary zone
30
inner medulary zone
lighter (tan-cream)
only contains the collecting tubules
31
Renal pelvis
internal division of the kidney
- is the expanded part of the ureter in the kidney
- receives the formed urine from the collecting tubules
varies with species
32
horse and sheep renal pelvis
the collecting tubules open into a lengthwise ridge
33
pig and primate renal pelvis
papillae empty into calyces (which open to the renal pelvis)
34
what don't cows have
a renal pelvis
35
renal papilla
-the apex of papilla
- the point at which urine enters the minor calyx or pelvis
36
what are the 7 internal renal structures
1. nephron
2. glomerulus
3. bowman's capsule
4. proximal convoluted tubule
5. loop of hele
6. distal convoluted tubule
7. collecting tubule
37
Nephron
Internal renal anatomical structure
- the microscopic unit of structure and function in the kidney
- includes both the filtering and secretory part of the kidney
38
glomerulus
Internal renal anatomical structure
- capillary tuft, interposed during and arteriole
afferent arteriole: into
efferent arteriole: exiting
39
Bowman's capsule
Internal renal anatomical structure
aka glomerular capsule
- expanded blind end of the nephron called the proximal convoluted tubule
40
renal corpuscle
Internal renal anatomical structure
glomerulus + Bowman's capsule
41
proximal convoluted tubule
Internal renal anatomical structure
- longest and most winding of tubules
- cells lining the tube are columnar or cuboidal
- function is reabsorption
42
Loop of Henle
Internal renal anatomical structure
- descends into the medula and back up to the junction of the inner and outer medulla
43
where is the greatest concentration of urine found?
at the bottom of the U
44
What is the descending limb of the loop of Henle responsible for?
- reabsorption of water, sodium, chloride ions
- passive
- countercurrent exchange mechanism
45
describe the ascending limb of the loop of Henle
- impermeable to water and solutes
- active transport moves sodium and chloride into the peritubular space increasing their concentration
- this increase in concentration draws more water from the descending limb
46
distal convoluted tubule
- shorter
- less convoluted
47
collecting tubules
- The last part of the nephron
- arched at first then straight
- begins in the cortex, ends in the medula
- join to form a single papillary duct, opening to the papilla
48
tubular reabsorption
- process where glomerular filtrate substances are carried from the lumen of the tubules, across the lining of the cells, into the surrounding blood capillaries (peritubular capillaries)
- occurs in the PCT, loop of Henle
- due to the need by the body for certain substances to be retained
49
passive reabsorption
diffusion
osmosis
no energy required
50
active reabsorption
active transport
requires energy
51
filtration
- plasma moves from arteries into the nephron
- renal capsule
52
reabsorption
- select components to move from capillaries into the nephron
- passive and active
- PCT, the loop of Henle
53
secretion
- final few select components move from capillaries to the nephron
- active transport
- DCT
54
ureters
- muscular tubules (smooth muscle)
- internal transportation of urine (renal pelvis to urinary bladder)
- active process of peristalsis
enters the urinary bladder at an oblique angle (to prevent urine reflux)
- transitional epithelium
55
urinary bladder
- hollow
- wall thickness varies with fullness
- peritoneum covers the cranial part
- trigone
56
urethra
- from the base of the urinary bladder to the ischial arch of the pelvis and enters the reproductive tract at the junction between the vagina and the vulva in females and in males it continues to the end of the penis
- transitional epithelium lining
57
micturition
urinating
- is both voluntary and involuntary
- is stimulated by the stretching of the bladder wall
- the brain can cause voluntary suppression of micturition
58
glomerulus filtrate composition
water
amino acids
glucose
small proteins
minerals
wastes
59
The main components of urine
1. Fluids
2. wastes: UREA, CREATININE, nitrates, uric acid, phosphates
3. any substance that exceeded the threshold level
60
renal hormones
renin
erythropoietin
anti-diuretic hormone
61
renin
- glycoprotein-enzyme
- produced in the kidney (by juxtaglomerular cells)
- acts on angiotensinogen (changes into angiotensin l, ll, lll
- angiotensin lll: constricts blood vessels (increasing BP), acts on adrenal glands to release hormone aldosterone which circulates in the blood of the kidney, and acts on tubules to increase the reabsorption of sodium ( helps increase BP)
62
erythropoietin
- hormone/glycoprotein
- produced in the glomerulus in response to decreased oxygen levels in the afferent arterioles
- released into the bloodstream
- stimulated bone marrow to increase RBC creation
- corrects hypoxia by increasing oxygen-carrying capacity
63
anti-diuretic hormone
- secreted by the hypothalamus in response to intracellular osmolarity
64
diuretics
-any drug and or substance that will enhance the output of urine
65
what are the 3 types of diuretics
xanthines
osmotic pressures diuretics
enzyme blocking substances
66
glomerulonephritis
ANY inflammatory condition involving both the glomerulus and the tubules
67
nephritis
inflammation of the tubular part of the nephron including the proximal and distal convoluted tubule and loop of Henle
68
hydronephrosis
- fluid accumulation
- usually from obstruction of the ureter, causing a non-inflammatory condition in the nephron
- results in swelling of the ureter(s) and renal pelvis(es) and accumulation of urine in the kidney/nephrins
69
cystitis
inflammation of the urinary bladder wall
- often idiopathic
70
uremia
excess of urea, creatinine, and other nitrogenous end protein metabolism in the blood
- smells sweet
- seen in renal failure /disease
71
urinary calculi/uroliths
stones in the urinary tract
72
urolithiasis
condition of having urinary calculi/uroliths
73
cystoliths
uroliths in the bladder
74
nephroliths
uroliths in the kidney
75
FLUTD
feline lower urinary tract disease
- production of crystals and blood in the cat bladder, often results in frequent and painful urination
- obstructed male cats
- multifactor and can be idiopathic
76
pyelonephritis
infection of the upper UT, specifically the kidney
- more acute
- may also have fever, vomiting, kidney pain
