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Anatomy and Physiology lecture > Myology > Flashcards

Myology Flashcards

1
Q

Define Myology

A

the study of muscles, their function, and their structure

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2
Q

What are the 3 muscle system functions?

A
  1. Movement
  2. maintain posture
  3. produce heat
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3
Q

what are the 3 muscle types?

A
  1. skeletal muscle
  2. smooth muscle
  3. cardiac muscle
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4
Q

number of nuclei in a skeletal muscle cell

A

multiple (located at the periphery)

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5
Q

what muscle cells are voluntary?

A

skeletal muscle

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6
Q

what muscle cells are in voluntary?

A

smooth muscle
cardiac muscle

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7
Q

what is a smooth muscle responsible for?

A

digestion

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8
Q

what are the 2 myofilaments?

A

actin
myosin

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9
Q

what are myofibrils composed of?

A

myofilaments

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10
Q

how many nuclei does a smooth muscle cell have?

A

1 (centrally located)

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11
Q

where are smooth muscle cells found?

A

hollow organs
wall of: blood vessels, urinary bladder, uterus, digestive
tract, respiratory tract

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12
Q

what are the 2 types of smooth muscle cells?

A

single unit / visceral smooth muscle (found in sheets)

Multiunit smooth muscle (found are individual fibers)

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13
Q

What do single-unit muscle cells form?

A

walls of hollow organs

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14
Q

What are multiunit muscle cells found as?

A

individual fibers

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15
Q

what muscle is used in piloerection?

A

multi-unit smooth muscle cells

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16
Q

what cells are branched?

A

cardiac muscle cells

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17
Q

what connects the ends of cardiac muscle cells?

A

intercalated discs

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18
Q

what aids in the conduction of the nervous impulse to coordinate contraction?

A

intercalated discs

19
Q

how many nuclei does the cardiac muscle have?

A

1 (central)

20
Q

describe voluntary muscles

A

conscious ability to contract a muscle
e.g skeletal muscle

21
Q

describe involuntary muscles

A

muscle contraction without conscious thought
e.g. smooth muscle and cardiac muscle

22
Q

what are the 4 properties of muscle?

A
  1. Plasticity: the ability to increase volume without increasing pressure (prominent in smooth muscle)
  2. Contraction (shortening)
  3. Relaxation (return to normal length)
  4. Irritability (transmit an electrical wavelength along its length, cardiac muscle)
23
Q

Flexors

A

Antagonist: extensors

bends limbs
decrease joint angle

24
Q

Extensors

A

Antagonist: Flexor

bends limbs
Increase joint angle

25
Q

Abductors

A

Antagonis: Adductors

Moves limb AWAY from the midline

26
Q

Adductors

A

Antagonist: Abductors

Moves limb TOWARDS the midline

27
Q

cutaneous muscles

A

used for piloerection

28
Q

Levators

A

antagonist: depressors

produce a DORSALLY directed movement
lift

29
Q

Depressors

A

antagonist: levators

Produce a VENTRALLY directed movement
lower

30
Q

Sphincters

A

antagonist: dilators

decrease the size of the opening
eg. pupil, bladder

31
Q

dialators

A

antagonist: sphincters

increase the size of the opening

32
Q

Pronators

A

antagonist: supinators

move the paw inward

33
Q

supinators

A

antagonist: pronators

move paw outwards

34
Q

what are the 2 types of muscle attachment?

A

direct attachment
indirect attachment

35
Q

describe direct muscle attachment

A

muscle attaches directly to the periosteum of the bone

36
Q

describe indirect muscle attachment

A

muscle is first attached to a connective tissue (a tendon or aponeurosis)
which in turn is attached to the bone

37
Q

origin

A

-the end of the skeletal muscle that is the most stable
-usually the end closer the the medial plane

38
Q

insertion

A

-the end of the skeletal muscle that is most mobile
- usually most distal end

39
Q

aponeurosis

A

-broad, flat, white connective tissue band that connects skeletal muscle to bone
- different from tendon because it’s flat (not round)

40
Q

fascia

A

white connective tissue sheath that covers muscle bundles

41
Q

name the muscle contractile proteins

A

actin and myosin

42
Q

Where are actin molecules attached?

A

the ends of the sarcomere (z lines)

43
Q

what causes muscle relaxation?

A

the removal of Ca
(when the nerve impulse stops, Ca is actively transported back into the SER)

44
Q

define Sarcromere

A

a tubular sheath that encases each muscle fiber

Anatomy and Physiology lecture (3 decks)

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