The Uk Evolving Physical Landscape

Question 1

What is geology

Answer 1

The study of the structure and substance of rocks

Question 2

What is past tectonic processes

Answer 2

Previous volcanic eruptions and tectonic uplift

Question 3

What are the 2 glacial processes -erosion

Answer 3

Plucking -freezing onto the surface and removing sediment
Abrasion-embedded sediment scouring the valley floor and sides

Question 4

What are the 2 glacial processes-weathering

Answer 4

Freeze thaw-water freezing into cracks in the rock,expanding and splitting the rock apart
Deposition- sediment put down as a glacier retreats creates outwash till in the valley floor,and moraine at the snout and edges of the glacier

Question 5

What do the range of processes combined create

Answer 5

Upland areas-U shaped valleys and screw slopes
Lowland-dip slopes and escarpments

Question 6

What are sedimentary rocks and give examples

Answer 6

Small ,eroded particles/remains of plants deposited in layers that turn into rocks over time and under pressure
E.g chalk clay limestone

Question 7

The layers structure in sedimentary rocks creates what ?

Answer 7

Weakness inbetween layers

Question 8

What happens to sedimentary rocks over time

Answer 8

They consolidate over time ,so you get rocks are less consolidated and therefore less resistant to weathering erosion

Question 9

What are igneous rocks and a propertie of it

Answer 9

Igneous rocks are formed by heat eg cooling magma which created a magma
And it’s extremely resistant to erosion

Question 10

What are metamorphic rocks and. Give a few examples

Answer 10

Metamorphic rocks are formed by existing rock changing shape and characteristics through heat and or pressure
Eg schists and slate

Question 11

What are the metamorphic rocks layers like

Answer 11

Their layer stucture has faults which can be eroded easily

Question 12

What rocks are found north and west of the UK and why

Answer 12

igneous and metamorphic due to past techtonic processes

Question 13

Where are sedimentary rocks found in the UK

Answer 13

The south and east of England

Question 14

What are dip slopes

Answer 14

Gently sloping areas following the fold of rocks

Question 15

What are encampments

Answer 15

Steep slopes oftern on areas of alternating more resistant chalk and less resistant clay due to different rates of erosion

Question 16

Describe the formation of a v shape valley

Answer 16

Caused by the movement of glaciers
They pluck rocks from valley sides and weathering eventually provides more angular sediment which embeds into the glacier
This means the moving glacier with embedded rocks causes the deepening of vally floor and widening of vally sides by abrasion

Question 17

How are hanging valleys caused

Answer 17

Caused by glacial erosion and later post glacial rivers

Question 18

How are scree slopes caused

Answer 18

Caused by slope processes and freeze thaw

Question 19

How are outwash plains caused

Answer 19

By glacial deposition

Question 20

How are misfit streams caused

Answer 20

By post glacial rivers

Question 21

How are lowland areas shaped

Answer 21

By biological chemical and physical weathering

Question 22

What for lowland landscapes features include

Answer 22

Dip slopes
Escarpments
Low clay valves

Question 23

How do people use upland landscapes

Answer 23

People use landscape for dry scape walled hill farming ,large scale forestry and forest clearances ,and tourism such as skiing in Scotland

Question 24

What is the forestry in lowland areas

Answer 24

Deciduous and orchards which are used for walking and public areas

Question 25

How is the agriculture in lowland areas

Answer 25

Argricultre is arable as climate is more temperate,means that’s there is a longer thermal growing season creating higher crop yeilds

Question 26

How is the land different in lowland areas

Answer 26

There is less soil erosion,more fertile land and larger and flatter sites whoch means tractors and other machinery can be used

Question 27

What is a concordant coastline

Answer 27

Rock layer parallel to coast ,have harder more resistant outer layer protecting softer rock inland

Question 28

How are coves formed

Answer 28

Once the resistant rock on a condordant coastline is eroded away the softer rock is eroded rapidly creating a cove

Question 29

What is a discordant coastline

Answer 29

Alternating rocks types at a right angle to the coast

Question 30

What are the 4 features of discordant coastlines

Answer 30

•creates headlands and bays •as a headland erodes other landforms are created •Faults and cracks in the rocks are widened by Abrasion,hydrolic action,wave pounding and solution •these faults and cracks creating caves ,arch,then a stack and a stump

Question 31

How do softer rock cliffs Eddie

Answer 31

Soft rock coastlines suffer from mass movement

Question 32

How do harder rock coastline erode

Answer 32

Hard rock coastlines erode by the foot of a cliff being eroded between high and low water marks cause a wave cut notch Overtime cliff is undercut and unsupported cliff face collapses Cliff retreats inland leaving flat rock area which is a wave cut notch

Question 33

How do seasons affect the climate in the UK

Answer 33

Autumn and winter are wettest and have most storms,which creates low pressure and higher waves leading to more rapid coastal retreat

Question 34

How does strom frequency effect coastline

Answer 34

More storms create higher winds and low pressures creates larger more powerful waves which erode the coastline more rapidly

Question 35

What are marine processes

Answer 35

Actions caused by the sea

Question 36

What is a destructive wave

Answer 36

High in height frequency and have a stronger backwash then swash Increasing coastal retreat

Question 37

What is a subarieal process

Answer 37

Actions happening above sea level

Question 38

How do sub Aerial processes affect coastlines

Answer 38

They act on cliff face after the waves have undercut the bottom of the cliff They lead to mass movement

Question 39

What is rock falls

Answer 39

Weathered areas undercut ,unsupported area collapse

Question 40

What is slumping

Answer 40

Rapid mass movement

Question 41

What is sliding

Answer 41

The movement of a large amount of material along a flat surface

Question 42

What is transportation

Answer 42

The movement of material by solution ,saltation suspension and traction

Question 43

What is longshore drift

Answer 43

The transportation of sediment along a beach in a zig zag movement

Question 44

What can longshore drift create

Answer 44

Spit ,lagoon or tombolo

Question 45

What is deposition

Answer 45

constructive waves built up beaches that have a stronger swash than backwash,causing sediment to build up on a beach These beaches are oftern wide

Question 46

How does this link to the fieldwork

Answer 46

Coastal processes can be investigated through measuring beach profile

Question 47

What is a beach profile

Answer 47

Is a cross section of beach measured from beach to cliff base which helps you investigate its morphology

Question 48

Why are people dependent on the Uk coastline

Answer 48

Millions of people have jobs dependent on it

Question 49

What is direct effect

Answer 49

Where the coastline is defended

Question 50

Why arnt agriculture areas protected

Answer 50

Due to them being less valuable

Question 51

How much of dorsets coastline is developed

Answer 51

25%

Question 52

What features does swanage bay have

Answer 52

Has a range of semi natural and human landscapes Half of it is built up,it’s a residential and employment centre and has built sea defences