Evolving Uk Himan Landscape

Question 1

Urban core charectorisitcs

Answer 1

high population density
economically active single young people economic activities - retail, offices and headquarters a large number and variety of jobs cultural centre with libraries museums and theatres
infrastructural hubs

Question 2

Rural periphery charectorisitcs

Answer 2

low population density ageing population
economic activities like primary industry ,telecommuting (working from home - IT. tourism (seasonal and often low paid, renewable energies
settlement type - market towns, villages and isolated farms
low-rise buildings

Question 3

Uk and former eu government policies

Answer 3

Reducing differences by enterprise zones

18 new zones were approved in 2015 in both rural and deindustrialised
Urban zones
Investment in transport infrastructure HS2 - aimed at increasing connectivity and reducing the North-South divide)
Regional development (the EU’s Regional Development Fund supports
UK regions by economic regeneration, improved communications and supporting jobs). projects in Cornwall (which receives support as it’s GDP is below 75% of the EU average)

Question 4

Retirement patterns to Devon Dorset and Cornwall

Answer 4

Retirees are attracted due to the pull factors scenery. warmer climate
slower pace of lite, low crime).
This affects the host community as there are more older people
(causing pressure on health care services) and increased house prices,
forcing younger generations to leave. This reduces the number of
economically active adults and children, therefore creating an ageing population.
Positively. the grey pound is creating demand for services such as care
specialists

Question 5

Rural to urban migration

Answer 5

Young adults leave the countryside in search
of further education and iobs in cities This is
Due to a lack or well-paid opponunites and services in the countryside.
The impact on the host areas is growing urban areas and
studentification, but also an increase in well-educated future workers.
The impact on source areas is an ageing population and a concentration
of people tied to primary-sector jobs.
There is a general North-South migration, due to higher wages and increased services and a trend of people moving out of city centres
causing urban sprawl and counter-urbanisation.

Question 6

International migrant patterns

Answer 6

After World War II there was a shortage of workers.
The UK government advertised for workers in their colonies for transport, textile and steel industries
Many migrant workers moved to the urban core, particularly London.
Migrants were mostly young adults with young children, or single men.
By 1971, 1 million people had migrated and there was no longer a
shortage of labour, so numbers reduced and newer migrants moved
directly to northern towns such as bradiord.

Question 7

Eu accession of 8 2004

Answer 7

Young Eastern European migrants (mainly from Poland, moved to cities, especially London, and found jobs in industries or services and to rural areas for farming jobs.
This was due to the EU’s Freedom of Movement policy, which enables
free movement between e countries

Question 8

Refugee movements

Answer 8

Most intemational migrants settle in and around cities for work. greater transport infrastructure/connections and greater community, cultural and religious links.
Migrants often provide cheap or unskilled labour or example. some basic construction jobs) and skilled labour filling skills shortages.
All inward migration (national and international) increases population
density and pressure on services in some areas.
Young families create youthful populations (putting pressure on some
schoo services in cities.

Question 9

Case study north east and south east

Answer 9

The North East was dominated by coal mining (primary) and ship
building. iron and steel oroduction secondary
in the last 50 vears this has declined due to foreian competition. high land and labour costs and exhaustion of coal seams >100000 miners in 1947 to 55 in 1994).
Manufacturing fell from 40% to 10% of all employment (1971-2011).
It had the highest unemployment rates of 8% in 2013.
Child poverty rates increased

The South East still has some primary industries in rural areas, mainly large-scale farms (for example, fruit in Kent).
The secondary sector light industry. such as electronics and engineering) is increasing in some urban areas of the South East (for example, along the M4 corridor).
It is a key region for tertiary and quaternary industries. Unemployment is low (6%) and wages are high

Question 10

How is the south east attracting people

Answer 10

The South East is attracting new industries due to its accessibility and infrastructure for example, airports, ports, road and rail links. In addition, it has a large market for goods due to it’s more affluent consumers. It has a highly skilled labour force due to the highly prestigious unis in the area The final two factors making the South East attractive to new industries and investment are political factors

Question 11

How is globalisation affecting the uks economys

Answer 11

Networks link countries’ flows of goods and services move between
Global players like TNCs influences this globalisation.
This has led to a need for re-skilling of workers from agriculture, mining and manufacturing skills to suit tertiary and quaternary sector jobs.
The workforce is becoming more flexible with part-time work and self-employment

Question 12

How is privatisation affecting the Uk

Answer 12

Increased foreign ownership of UK firms such as TATA taking over
British Steel, increased profits for UK shareholders of successful UK businesses investing abroad. For example, Unilever (a British-Dutch company).
Efficiencies in the international production chain can lead to job losses

Question 13

How is free trade affecting the Uk

Answer 13

International trade in goods and services including the payment of taxes and tariffs.
Some countries group together to promote trade areas,

Question 14

How is foreign direct investment affecting the Uk

Answer 14

Flows of capital (money) from businesses in one country to another.
>50% of UK investment came from the EU, mainly in energy projects
and infrastructure
In the future, this is likely to change due to Brexit.
This is because Europe will be less of a focus trade as the government
shifts its links to other areas of the world, for example joining the growing Asia-Pacific trade bloc.

Question 15

How do transnational corporations affect the. Uk

Answer 15

Affect the Uk economy by opening branches and closing branches

Question 16

What is the context of birhimgham

Answer 16

which was originally forested nearby.
This provided the original inhabitants with water, timber and fuel.
It is situated near to the coal fields of Staffordshire and iron deposits in Wales.
It grew and developed due its location at the heart of the canal, road and rail networks and its international airport
The city developed the fastest during the Industrial Revolution as the
‘city of 1001 trades’.
It was famous for jewellery, guns and brass.
Birmingham is a regional hub for transport and manufacturing and is a major conference location (NEC), shopping sports and business tourism venues
Globally, Birmingham is recognised due to its trade, having more canals than Venice, Europe’s largest public library, music industry’s

Question 17

How does birhimgham change through employment and the movement of people

Answer 17

National and international migration influence arowth and character in different parts of the city age structure, ethnicity. housing. services. culture.
National and international migration of students to areas such as Aston has led to studentification
The inner-city area around the newly redeveloped Brindley Place has a wide variety of highly skilled and high wage national and international
migrants

Question 18

What are the employment levels and wages like in birhimgham

Answer 18

Sutton coldfeild

Here there are large numbers of economically active working in managerial roles
Higher incomes and newer/improved housing stock, leisure services and large parks leads to improved health. There is good quality education including private schooling.
Inner city areas such as Washwood Heath have lower emplovment levels, higher pressure on ageing services and lower school outcomes leading to a spiral of decline.

Question 19

How does birhimgham changing create challenges

Answer 19

With deindustrialisation, due to the global shift and mechanisation and
robotisation in manuracturino. raciories closed in the inner city. in areas such as Digbeth.
This has created areas of dereliction and led to depopulation of the area, due to a lack of jobs.
The spiral of decline leading to services closing and people force to
move for work and services.
De-centralisation challenged city centre shoooing in the 1980s with the creation of Merry Hill, Dudley, but regeneration of the city centre has attracted new shops such as John Lewis and Selfridges to the Bullring.

Question 20

How had brihinham changing created opportunities

Answer 20

Parts of the city have experienced economic and population growth
tor example. new develooments in the rural-urban innge around sutton
Coldfield).
There has been a growth in financial and business services and inves men ov rans-nationa corporations tor example. the arrival of Deutsche Post, Barclays and HSBC).
Gentrification has occurred around the Jewellery Quarter, where the closure of some factories such as the Swan Factory led to a loss of jobs, causing a spiral of decline. Lower house prices led to more affluent residents moving in,

Question 21

How has regeneration of birhingham created positive effects

Answer 21

The BeBirmingham campaign led to an increase in visitors to the city.
This, followed by the creation of the new Bullring and Brindley Place, led to an increase in part time tertiary jobs, as well as business and finance high-skilled jobs.
There are also negative impacts on people - large scale redevelopment of Curzon Street and Paradise Circus has led to road closures, constant noise and construction traffic.
Local people are priced out of many inner-city apartments (£1 million in the Rotunda) and new jobs being created are not suited to the skills of the existing residents.
The environment of Birmingham has both improved

Question 22

What strategies have been used to make birmingham more sustainable

Answer 22

Recycling - although Birmingham has won awards for its street cleaning and recycling, the 2018 bin strikes meant that it was the 14* best city in the Uk
Areas of former industries such as Fort Dunlop have been redeveloped to retain the outer shell and installed energy saving and sustainable heating with companies located there paying towards carbon offsetting. This created jobs for the local community
Birmingham has increased the amount of open space through a series of improved and extended urban parks
Transport has been improved by a tram aimed at reducing congestion.improved cycle routes and a congestion charge for the city centre. These have all led to a reduction
in the city’s transport related carbon emissions.
In the area of Summerfield Eco Village, existing housing has been improved by insulation, improved boilers

Question 23

How does burmingham being independent from rural areas affect them

Answer 23

decentralised industry and shopping
transport services ,affordable housing for its growing number of residents- this increases house prices and an inward migration of people which can affect community relations and affordability for locals

Question 24

How does the changing rural area create opportunities and problems

Answer 24

A decline in primary employment - less jobs available due to mechanisation and cheaper imports, forestry, fishing and mining - cheaper
imports and exhaustion o minera deposits means ihat many rura dwellers have limited job opportunities.
They would either have to move to cities or diversify their existing work
The remaining ions are often seasonal low-skilled and low-paid
This limited income means that there is often a spiral of decline leading to rural depnvadon and someumes depopulaton
This means that healthcare and education services close as classes
and pauents shank.
This also means that cuality of life in rural areas declines. giving lower
IMD scores.
This aftects the eldeny more likely to need health care and the voung more likely to need ecucation

Question 25

What are the opportunities to caused by economic diversification

Answer 25

Farm shops (for example, Bradshaw’s Butchers
Accommodation (for example, farm stays - The Falcon B&B)
Leisure activities (for example, horse riding - Cannock Chase Trekking Centre)
Tourism projects (for example,the Eden Project),