The two process model (explaining phobias, behavioural approach)

Question 1

Burger for classical conditioning (The two process model (explaining phobias, behavioural approach)

Answer 1

B: Phobias acquired through association; neutral stimulus (NS) becomes a conditioned stimulus (CS) that produces fear.
U: Association between NS and unconditioned stimulus (US) leads to fear response.
R: Little Albert study (Watson and Rayner) – fear of white rat generalizes to other white furry objects.
G: Not all phobias have identifiable incidents; may not apply to all phobia types (Sue et al.).
E: Some people report specific triggers, while others do not, indicating variability in phobia development.
R: Diathesis-stress model – genetic vulnerability influences phobia development (di Nardo et al.).

Question 2

Burger for operant conditioning (The two process model (explaining phobias, behavioural approach)

Answer 2

B: Phobias maintained through negative reinforcement; avoidance of the feared object reduces anxiety.
U: Avoidance behaviors reinforce the fear, preventing the individual from learning that the fear is unfounded.
R: Avoidance of the phobic stimulus leads to relief from anxiety, reinforcing the avoidance behavior.
G: Avoidance may lead to increased fear over time due to lack of exposure; thus, the cycle continues.
E: Phobia persists because avoidance behaviors are negatively reinforced, which can be maladaptive.
R: Operant conditioning does not explain initial acquisition of phobia, only its maintenance.

Question 3

burger for social learning (The two process model (explaining phobias, behavioural approach)

Answer 3

B: Phobic behaviors can be learned by observing others; individuals may model the fear responses of others.
U: Social learning influences the acquisition of phobias through observational learning.
R: Bandura and Rosenthal study – fear response learned through observing reactions to a buzzer.
G: May not account for all phobias; some are more deeply rooted in personal experience rather than observation.
E: While social learning provides insight into phobia acquisition, it may not fully explain the persistence of phobias.
R: Two-process model ignores cognitive factors; irrational thoughts may play a significant role in social phobias (Engels et al.).