The Torso

Question 1

the 3 bony cavities

Answer 1

thoracic
cranial
pelvic

Question 2

bony parts of the thorax include:

Answer 2

12 vertebrae
12 pairs of ribs and its cart
sternum

Question 3

It is where the anesthesiologist locate

the intervertebral spaces

Answer 3

Thoracic vertebral spinous process

Question 4

the framework of the walls of the thorax is referred to as

Answer 4

thoracic cage

Question 5

the thoracic cage is formed by ______behind, _____ and _____ on either side, and the ______ and ______ in front

Answer 5

vertebral column;
ribs & intercostal spaces;
sternum & costal cart

Question 6

the cavity of the thorax can be divided into a median partition called

Answer 6

mediastinum

Question 7

thin membrane covering of the lung

Answer 7

visceral pleura

Question 8

this lies in the midline of the anterior chest wall

Answer 8

sternum

Question 9

3 parts of sternum

Answer 9

manubrium sterni
body of the sternum
xiphoid process

Question 10

Upper part of the sternum

Answer 10

manubrium

Question 11

the manubrium articulates with the what?

Answer 11

body of the sternum at the manubriosternal joint

Question 12

the body of the sternum articulates above with the ______ and below with the _____

Answer 12

manubriosternal joint;

xiphisternal joint

Question 13

thin plate of cartilage that becomes ossified at its proximal end during adult life

Answer 13

xiphoid process

Question 14

how is the sternal angle formed?

Answer 14

by the articulation of the manubrium w/ the body of the sternum

Question 15

the sternal angle lies opposite the ______ between the ____&___ thoracic vertebrae

Answer 15

intervertebral disc;

4th and 5th

Question 16

the xiphisternal joint lies where?

Answer 16

opposite the body of the ninth thoracic vertebra

Question 17

why is it that the sternum is a common site for marrow biopsy?

Answer 17

it possesses red hematopoietic marrow throughout life

Question 18

how many pair of ribis and where are they attached?

Answer 18

12 pairs; attached posteriorly to the thoracic vertebrae

Question 19

What are true ribs and where are they atteched

Answer 19

the upper seven pairs, attached anteriorly to the sternum by their costal cartilages

Question 20

what are false ribs

Answer 20

8th, - 10th pairs of ribs which are attached to each other and to the 7th by their costal cart and small synovial joints

Question 21

What are floating ribs and where are they attached?

Answer 21

11th and 12th pairs, no attachment

Question 22

true ribs or

Answer 22

vertebrosternal ribs

Question 23

8-10th ribs are also called

Answer 23

vertebrochondral

Question 24

apertures of the thorax

Answer 24

inlet/superior aperture

outlet/inferior aperture

Question 25

The inlet aperture is bounded by the

Answer 25

1st rib and its cart, 1st thoracic vert and the manubrium sterni

Question 26

The outlet aperture is bounded by the

Answer 26

xiphisternal junction, lower six pairs of costal cartilages and the 12th rib on its side and the body of the 12th vertebra posteriorly

Question 27

Anterior bony references include

Answer 27

``` midsternal line (midsagittal) parasternal line midclavicular line (clavicle palpated) ```

Question 28

Muscular References include

Answer 28

``` Anterior axillary line midaxillary line (POR is the lateral end of pec major) posterior axillary line(por is the lat dorsae muscle) ```

Question 29

Posterior bony reference

Answer 29

scapular line

Question 30

The bony thorax function on the lungs

Answer 30

it resists the negative pressure (inspiration) and the recoil of the lung (expiration)

Question 31

The bony thorax & its wall provide attachment for muscles of the ______, ____- & ____

Answer 31

abdomen, neck, back

Question 32

principal muscle for ventilation

Answer 32

diaphragm

Question 33

muscles of respiration (inspiration)

Answer 33

external intercostals interchondral part of internal intercostals diaphragm

Question 34

muscles of respiration (expiraton)

Answer 34

internal intercostals | abdominal muscles

Question 35

function of the muscles at the posterior portion of the thorax

Answer 35

they anchor to the shoulder girdle and the head and neck area

Question 36

muscles of the back (superficial group)

Answer 36

trapezius lat dorsi rhomboids levator scapula

Question 37

intermediate group

Answer 37

serratus posterior superior and inferior

Question 38

innervations of the thorax

Answer 38

intercostal spinal nerves

Question 39

layers of abdominal wall

Answer 39

skin superficial fascia deep fasica (rectus sheath)

Question 40

camper's layer

Answer 40

panniculus adiposus (removed during liposuction)

Question 41

Superficial fascia layers

Answer 41

camper's and scarpa's layer

Question 42

this layer in the abdominal wall encloses the rectus abdominis muscle

Answer 42

deep fascia

Question 43

function of the deep fascia

Answer 43

encloses the rectus abdominis muscle

Question 44

function of the rectus abdominis

Answer 44

responsible for flexion of the spine

Question 45

how does the anterolateral muscles protect the abdominal viscera from injury

Answer 45

due to its constant muscle tone, it als puts viscera in its proper location

Question 46

why does the anterolateral muscles compress abdominal contents

Answer 46

to increase intra-abdominal pressure | e.g. micturaton, defacation and normal vaginal delivery

Question 47

site where hernias may occur

Answer 47

inguinal canal | descent of the testis

Question 48

Potential weak point

Answer 48

inguinal region

Question 49

types of herniation

Answer 49

direct - protrusion is thru hesselbach's triangle indirect - along the canal femoral - thru the femoral canal

Question 50

other potential weak points

Answer 50

``` umbilicus linea semicircularis epigastric lumbar (all devoid of musclar support) ```

Question 51

stretch marks brought by pregnancy

Answer 51

striae

Question 52

cut through here for fast access to abdominal cavity

Answer 52

linea alba

Question 53

why cut through the midline?

Answer 53

because nerves come from the sides

Question 54

applications for the lines of directions

Answer 54

subdivide the abdomen into discernable parts