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RS > The Three Marks of Existence > Flashcards

The Three Marks of Existence Flashcards

1
Q

What are the three marks of existence?

A

Anicca, dukkha and anatta

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2
Q

What are the two levels of change?

A
  • Gross level of change

- Momentary change

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3
Q

What is gross-level change?

A

Change observed with senses. Doesn’t require scientific method to observe it

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4
Q

Examples of gross-level change

A

Weather, seasons, decay and withering

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5
Q

What is momentary change?

A

Change unaware of subtle change that is constant from moment to moment. Requires scientific process to allow observation

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6
Q

Examples of momentary change

A

Atomic, molecular level

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7
Q

Do abstract concepts (time, space,eternal dharma etc) correspond to something that objectively exists?

A
  • Concepts- ways of interpreting our experience of the world- giving MEANING
  • Concepts are made up “HUMAN CONSTRUCT”
  • Buddhists concepts are not real, only conventional
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8
Q

What is the problem of the relationship between continuity and change?

A
  • Buddhists argue that everything is changing
  • Momentary change is like a film reel
  • A continuum of causally linked moments; gives the appearance of a continuous sequence
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9
Q

Why does failure to understand and accept change (anicca) cause suffering (dukkha)?

A
  • People attachments and crave or desire for things to remain the same
  • People cannot ‘let go’ of cravings and so when things do end or change they aren’t ready and will suffer more
  • Accepting the change is a natural part of life will make us happier because we can then go with the flow
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10
Q

What are the main benefits of meditating on change?

A
  • If we know things will change,wither, decay, end or die we are less likely to be attached and can ‘let go’ more easily when the time comes
  • Let go- desire, grasp, selfishness
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11
Q

What are the reasons of meditating on change?

A

1) To understand is an experimental way not intellectual, how impermanence is part of life
2) Helps free the mind from attachments & dukkha
3) To gain enlightenment
4) To become aware of temporary nature of life

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12
Q

What objects do some Buddhists meditate on to help them understand change?

A

Flowers are often used as a focus of meditation because their beauty does not last long and therefore symbolise impermanence. The other image that is often used is that of the Buddha lying on his right side passing into parinirvana because this is a reminder that everything are subject to death.

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13
Q

What are the three types of dukkha?

A
  1. Dukkha-dukkha
  2. Viparinama-dukkha
  3. Samkhara-dukkha
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14
Q

What is dukkha-dukkha?

A

Al kind of suffering e.g. birth, old age, sickness, death etc

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15
Q

What is viparinama dukkha?

A

Suffering produced by change. Pleasant and happy feelings or conditions in life are not permanent. They will change.

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16
Q

What is samkhara-dukkha?

A

A combination of ever-changing mental and physical forces which can be divided into five aggregates

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17
Q

What are the 4 types of craving?

A
  1. Kama
  2. Bhava
  3. Vibhava
  4. Dhamma
18
Q

What is kama tanha?

A

Thirst for sense pleasures

19
Q

What is bhava tanha?

A

Thirst for existence and becoming. To want something or be someone

20
Q

What is vibhava tanha?

A

Thirst for non existence or to get rid of the unpleasant experiences in life

21
Q

What is dhamma tanha?

A

Thirst for ideas and ideals, views, opinions, theories, concepts and beliefs

22
Q

Why is finding a solution to dukkha important to the Buddha?

A

To find inner happiness and end the cycle of samsara so one is truly free

23
Q

How did the Buddha say that dukkha could be stopped?

A

To find the cessation of dukkha and by doing this follow the noble eightfold path

24
Q

What was the lesson learnt in the parable of the mustard seed?

A

That in order to stop the suffering one must ‘let go’ and follow the noble eightfold path

25
Q

What is anatta?

A

no fixed self, no soul

26
Q

What are the 5 skandhas?

A
  1. Body or form
  2. Feelings or sensations
  3. Perceptions
  4. Mental formations
  5. Consiousness
27
Q

What is form?

A
  • Physical factor
  • Refers to the material aspect of existence; physical factor
  • Made up of 4 elements:
    1) Solidity/matter
    2) Cohesion
    3) Energy
    4) Motion
  • From the interaction of these- body of flesh, blood
28
Q

What are feelings & sensations?

A
  • Sensations are experienced through the contact of our sense organs with the external world
  • Hedonic tone or ‘taste’ of any experience
  • Includes sensations arising from the body and mental feelings
29
Q

What are perceptions?

A

Faculty of identifying objects as mental and physical. Perceptions recognise, identify and classify and put sensory experience into words.

30
Q

What are mental formations?

A

Mental conditioning, compulsions and complex ideas that results from karma accumulated in this life and from previous lives.

31
Q

What is volition?

A

Refers to constructing activities (will power, intention or determination) and is identified with KARMA (the moral effects of our actions are determined primarily by the intentions behind the action). Some volitions are ethically neutral, many states are ‘skilful’ (kusula) and ‘unskilful’ (akusala).

32
Q

What is consciousness?

A

Awareness. It plays a coordinating role between sense faculties. It helps to make overall sense of what we perceive.

33
Q

How Body leads to dukkha?

A
  • Diseases of the body
  • Don’t develop inner qualities
  • Stay young not old age
  • Addicted to tattoos, dying hair
  • Attached to objects
  • Not wanting to die
  • Craving sexual pleasures- food, sex, shelter
  • Unhappy with physical appearances- plastic surgery
  • Walking if lame or paralysed
34
Q

How Sensations lead to dukkha?

A
  • Attached to drug
  • Obsessed in love
  • Clinging to marriage during divorce
  • Sight (if blind)
  • Places, people, events which give pleasure
  • Sensual pleasures
35
Q

How Perceptions lead to dukkha?

A
  • Experiences can shape perceptions
  • Become part of character
  • OCD, homophobia
  • Feelings can shape perceptions
  • Oneself; looks and appearance
  • Tastes, preferences, opinions and ideas
  • Basic of racism, prejudice and discrimination
  • Perceptions of events; past, memories ‘attached to objects’
36
Q

How Consciousness lead to dukkha?

A
  • Losing consciousness
  • Paranoia
  • Consciousness of the physical world can lead to attachment
  • Dreams e.g. nightmares
  • Not wanting to die
  • Addiction to drugs
  • Sleeping; can’t face reality
  • Blindness, deafness
  • Not knowing what consciousness is; who am I?
37
Q

What are the two truths (Mahayana)?

A

1) Conventional

2) Ultimate

38
Q

What is conventional?

A

Deluded (samsara)- social & cultural conditioning, resulting in habits, conditioned states

39
Q

What is ultimate truth?

A

Enlightened, reality (nirvana), mind free the clutter of conditioned states or habits

40
Q

Thoeries of self in Christianity & Buddhism

A
  • Buddhism; no personal or permanent soul can survive death because this is the point when the 5 skandhas separate, so the consequences causing that person cease to be
  • Christianity; the soul is permanent moral9 intellectual agent that is subject to the divine judgement following death of the physical body. The soul is the ‘real’ self
41
Q

Compare atman (Hinduism) and anatta (Buddhism)

A
  • Atman; permanent essence of ‘self’, reincarnated from body to body, presence of Brahman within each individual
  • Anicca; teaches impermanence

RS (22 decks)

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