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The Three Crises Flashcards

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1
Q

What year did Stalin die?

A

1953

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2
Q

Who replaced Stalin after his death?

A

Nikita Khrushchev

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3
Q

What new policy did Khrushchev announce after coming to power?

A

De- Stalinization

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4
Q

What was De-Stalinization?

A

A series of political reforms that removed key institutions that allowed Stalin to stay in power

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5
Q

What policies were introduced in Destalinization?

A

Khrushchev would be less hard-line than Stalin had been and would use diplomacy, not force, in his dealings with other governments

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6
Q

When was Khrushchev’s “Secret” Destalinization speech?

A

February 1956

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7
Q

How did Destalinization trigger the Hungarian Uprising?

A

Rakosi, a hard lined Stalinist, was removed and replaced by Imre Nagy, many Hungarians hoped for a better future with more freedoms.

When Khrushchev took over and announced Destalinization, Hungarians also believed that real change was coming

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8
Q

Who was the ruler of Hungary before 1956?

A

Matyas Rakosi

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9
Q

How did discontent towards Rakosi trigger the Hungarian Uprising?

A

He used terror, killing 2000 and imprisoning 200,000 of his opponents through the secret police (AVH). There was no freedom of speech, and there was a fearful climate.

Thousands of Soviet troops and officials were stationed in Hungary, which were a drain on the Hungarian economy, creating economic hardship for ordinary people

The Russian language was being forced upon the people - with Hungarian street signs being replaced with Russian versions, and Russian being imposed as the language in schools.

He helped with destroying the power of the Church in Hungary

He demanded that Hungary be part of Comecon, preventing them from receiving Marshall aid

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10
Q

When did the first protests in Hungary begin?

A

June 1956

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11
Q

Who initially replaced Rakosi after Hungarian protests?

A

Erno Gero

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12
Q

Why was Erno Gero also replaced after Rakosi?

A

He wasn’t popular

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13
Q

What Liberal reformer was put into power in Hungary after Rakosi and Gero?

A

Imre Nagy

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14
Q

What reforms did Imre Nagy bring to Hungary?

A
  • Free elections to choose the government.
  • An impartial legal system to ensure fair trials.
  • The total withdrawal of the Soviet army from Hungary.
  • Farmers to be allowed private ownership of their land
    (instead of it being state owned).
  • Hungary to leave the Warsaw Pact and declare neutrality in the Cold War.
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15
Q

When did active fighting between protestors and the Red Army begin in Hungary?

A

October 1956

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16
Q

Describe the events of the Hungarian uprising

A

Protests began in June 1956, with active fighting beginning in October 1956. The protestors pulled down Stalin’s statue and released political prisoners.

After Nagy’s reforms, Khrushchev ordered the Red Army to invade Hungary, and they invaded the capital Budapest on the 4th November 1956, at dawn, with 6000 tanks and 200,000 Soviet troops.

Nagy requested backup from the UN, but they declined as the Western allies didn’t want to interfere with Soviet affairs. Outnumbered, the Hungarians couldn’t fight against the Red Army, and street fighting ceased after two weeks. 20,000 Hungarian rebels were killed and 200,000 fled the country.

Nagy was arrested and executed

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17
Q

Describe the consequences of the Hungarian uprising

A

A new Soviet government was set up under Janos Kadar, and Nagy was later captured and executed for treason in 1958

-, despite its declaration that it would roll-back communism, the countries of NATO were unwilling to intervene in Soviet bloc countries

-The UN declared its disgust at the treatment of Hungarians by their government, and aid money was raised for the refugees.

-Communist parties in some Western European countries like Italy, Britain and France, began to change their opinion of the USSR. However, there was no military intervention to support the Hungarian rebels.

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18
Q

How did Hungarians protest against the Soviet regime initially?

A

They waved Hungarian flags with the Communist emblem cut out

They released political prisoners

Smashed a statue of Stalin

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19
Q

When did the red army invade Budapest?

A

4th November 1956

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20
Q

How many people died/ fled Hungary after the uprising?

A

20,000 were killed and 200,000 fled

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21
Q

What leader was put in place after Nagy?

A

Janos Kadar

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22
Q

When did Imre Nagy become the leader of Hungary?

A

24th October 1956

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23
Q

How did Nagy anger Khrushchev?

A

He announced that Hungary would be leaving the Warsaw pact

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24
Q

Why did the Khrushchev order the Red army to invade Hungary?

A
  • He feared losing part of his Sphere of influence
  • He wanted to stamp his authority
  • There was pressure from Mao and China to protect
    Communism from the West
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25
Q

Why didn’t the Allies interfere during the Hungarian Uprising?

A
  • Threat of Nuclear Warfare
  • Hungary was too far away for military intervention
  • British and French troops were already preoccupied in the Suez canal (Suez crisis)
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26
Q

How did the UN react to the Hungarian Uprising?

A

They convened a special inquiry into the events, but both Hungarian and Soviet governments refused to participate. The inquiry resulted in the condemnation of the Kadar regime.

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27
Q

what was talked about during the Paris Summit

A
  • Nuclear weapons and the need for a Test Ban Treaty: both sides knew the potential destructive power of nuclear weapons and were keen to avoid turning bits of the planet into radioactive no-go areas.

-Berlin: the Soviets were exasperated that East Germans were continuing to escape to the West.

  • Cuba: the Americans were concerned that the recent revolution in Cuba had created a communist government on their doorstep.
28
Q

what happened on May 1, 1960, 13 days before the Summit was meant to begin

A

an American U2 spy plane piloted by Gary Powers, was shot down over the USSR

29
Q

Who was the US president during the Paris Summit

A

Eisenhower

30
Q

What did Khrushchev do at the Paris Summit meeting

A

Khrushchev, demanded he apologise for the mission, and when Eisenhower refused, Khrushchev walked out of the Summit

31
Q

What were the consequences of the failed Paris Summit

A
  • there were no agreements on the Test Ban Treaty, meaning nuclear war could still be a reality
  • America was embarrassed as it was shown to have lied about the U2 plane’s mission, and to be using methods of espionage which were morally suspect. They no longer held the ‘moral high ground’ in the Cold War.
  • Nothing was resolved on the issues of Berlin and Cuba. Both would remain major sources of tension in the Cold War.
  • The relationship between the USA and the USSR deteriorated even further, heightening Cold War tensions.
32
Q

who was the president in 1961

A

Kennedy

33
Q

What were Khrushchev opinions on Kennedy

A

he believed he would be able to dominate the younger and inexperienced Kennedy

34
Q

What was Khrushchev’s Berlin ultimatum

A

an ultimatum giving the Western Powers six months to agree to withdraw from Berlin and make it a free, demilitarized city.

35
Q

what happened on the 13th August 1961

A

the Soviet authorities in East Germany sealed off East Berlin by constructing a huge barbed wire barrier. This was soon replaced by a concrete wall, complete with lookout towers and armed guards who had orders to shoot anyone trying to cross into the Western sector.

36
Q

Why was the Berlin wall built?

A

Refugees - throughout the 1950s thousands of East Germans had fled to the West through Berlin, leaving behind the harsh political climate and economic hardship of life under communism. Many of those who left were educated or highly skilled workers and the East German authorities could not afford to lose their best and brightest citizens.

Lure of the west - during the 1950s travel was relatively easy between the Eastern and Western sectors of Berlin. People living under communism in the Eastern sector could visit the West and see what capitalism offered. There was better housing, shops full of goods and relative freedom: all provided by the Western Allies.

37
Q

What was the USA’s response to the Berlin wall

A
  • the US regularly sent troops and diplomats into the Soviet sector through Checkpoint Charlie, one of the guarded crossing points between East and West.
38
Q

what was the Soviet response to the US response to the Berlin wall

A

They got Red Army tanks and soldiers to stand on their side of Checkpoint Charlie, and faced off with American tanks and soldiers in a tense stand off

39
Q

How long did the Checkpoint Charlie stand off last

A

18 hours

40
Q

How did the Berlin wall standoff end

A

diplomatic negotiations agreed that both sides would slowly withdraw

41
Q

What did Kennedy say in his June 1963 speech

A

that Berlin was a symbol of freedom and the struggle against communism

42
Q

What did America heavily invest in Cuba for

A

sugar and tobacco

43
Q

when was the cuban revolution

A

1959

44
Q

What happened in the Cuban revolution

A

Batista was overthrown by Fidel Castro

45
Q

Why was Castro more drawn to Communism

A
  • because when he visited the US to secure support, Eisenhower refused to speak to him
  • representatives of the Soviet Union offered support from their government
46
Q

what did Castro do to all American owned companies in Cuba

A

he nationalised them and refused to pay compensation

47
Q

what was the US response to Castro

A

Trade embargo

48
Q

what is trade embargo

A

depriving Cubans of a market for their sugar and tobacco and the income to import oil and other essential goods.

49
Q

why did the trade embargo backfire on the US

A

it meant the Cubans then looked to the USSR for a market for their sugar. The Soviets were only too happy to oblige and were soon supplying Cuba with oil and weapons

50
Q

Explain the Bay of Pigs invasion

A
  • In April 1961, just after he was installed as President of the USA, John F Kennedy approved a plan to invade Cuba and overthrow communism.

The CIA landed 1,400 Cuban exiles at the Bay of Pigs on the southern coast of Cuba with the aim of provoking an anti-communist uprising.

Almost at the last minute, Kennedy cancelled an order that had promised the Cuban resistance US Air Force support for their coup d’etat.

The lack of air support meant the rebels were easily defeated when they were met by 20,000 heavily armed Cuban troops. All were captured or killed

51
Q

when did the American spy plane discover Soviet missiles

A

14 October 1962

52
Q

what other things did the American spy plane capture

A

20 Soviet ships carrying nuclear missiles in the Atlantic Ocean heading for Cuba

53
Q

Why were the missiles a threat to the US

A

Cuba was only 90 miles from the coast of Florida meaning that the USA, including many of its biggest cities like Washington DC and New York, would be well within range of these missiles. The lives of 80 million Americans were at stake

54
Q

Why did the USSR want to place missiles in Cuba

A

To close the missile gap - considering the US had placed missiles in Turkey, which was “right on the USSR’s doorstep”, it gave Krushchev a bargaining tool

  • Khrushchev wanted to strengthen his political position in the USSR and show his government that he wasn’t soft on America
  • Khrushchev wanted to support the new communist country and ensure that the Americans would not attempt another incident like the Bay of Pigs and attempt to overthrow Castro
55
Q

what were Kennedy’s options

A

ignore the missiles
get the UN involved
blockade Cuba
invade with soldiers or launch air attacks

56
Q

what did Kennedy decide on doing

A

Blockading Cuba, so that further missiles from the soviets could be stopped, giving him more time to negotiate with Soviets

57
Q

Describe the events of the Naval blockade

A
  1. On the 22 October 1962, Kennedy imposes a naval blockade around Cuba, to stop Soviet ships suspected of carrying nuclear missiles from reaching Cuba.
  2. On the 23 October, Kennedy receives a letter from Khrushchev saying that Soviet ships will not stop at the blockade, but will force their way thrugh
  3. On the 25th October, US spy planes report increased building work at the missile launch sites on Cuba.
  4. On the 26 October, Kennedy receives a letter Khrushchev saying that he’ll remove the missiles if the US removes the blockade and promises not to invade Cuba
  5. On 27 October, a second letter from Khrushchev is sent saying that the missiles will only be removed if the US removes its missiles in Turkey
  6. Kennedy accepts the requests of the Khrushchev’s first letter on a telegram but agrees to remove the missiles in Turkey privately
  7. On 28 Oct, In a public message to President Kennedy broadcast on Moscow radio, Khrushchev agrees to the removal of all missiles on Cuba and their return to the Soviet Union.
58
Q

What were the consequences of the Cuban missile crises

A
  • Both sides considered they had secured a victory: Khrushchev had saved the communist regime in Cuba from invasion by the USA, and had negotiated a deal with the USA on the removal of their Jupiter missiles in Turkey. Kennedy had kept his election promise and stood up to the USSR, and kept nuclear missiles out of Cuba.
  • a hotline was installed giving a direct phone link between the White House and the Kremlin - ensuring faster communications between the two sides
  • Both the USA and the USSR realised they had been on the brink of nuclear war and entered into talks. These talks eventually led to the 1963 Test Ban Treaty which began the process of ending the testing of nuclear weapons.
59
Q

What was the quote that the Czech people used about Communism

A

they wanted to create “Socialism with a human face”

60
Q

What caused the Prague Spring

A

Novotny - the hard lined leader was unpopular, his rule was characterised by censorship and lack of personal freedom for ordinary citizens

  • the Czech economy was weak and many people were bitter that the USSR was controlling their economy for their own benefit
  • Some Czechs thought the USA would come to their assistance if they stood up to Moscow.
61
Q

Describe the events of the Prague Spring

A
  1. In 1967, Czech students started peacefully protesting against Novotny’s rule, and in early 1968, he was replaced by Dubcek
  2. In April 1968. Dubcek announced an Action Plan to deliver ‘Socialism with a Human Face’ which, in a nutshell, meant removing state control of the economy and allowing freedom of speech.
  3. Dubcek’s reforms began to worry the Soviets because although he claimed to be a committed communist, Dubcek proposed allowing non-communist political parties to be set up and to put up candidates for election. Although Dubcek said that Czechoslovakia would remain in the Warsaw Pact, President of Yugoslavia was invited to Prague. Yugoslavia had been communist since World War Two but was not a member of the Warsaw Pact and Moscow was wary of Tito.
  4. August 1968, Soviet troops invade Czechoslovakia, people through petrol bombs at tanks, but less than 100 people died, little resistance from Cechoslovakian army
  5. Dubcek was arrested and more hard lined leaders put in charge
62
Q

What were the reactions to the Prague spring

A
  • , the USA was too involved in Vietnam to do anything about the situation in Czechoslovakia. The US government condemned the Soviet invasion but offered no military assistance
  • fellow Communist countries showed their disapproval by distancing themselves from the Communist Party of the USSR.
63
Q

what were the consequences of the Prague spring

A
  • Brezhnev doctrine introduced, a document stating that the USSR would not allow any country under the Warsaw pact to try and reform Communism, and if they did, the Soviet Union had the right to invade the country as they were threatening the Eastern bloc

-Worsened the relations between China and the USSR, China had become Communist in 1949, and the invasion made them worried that the USSR may try to take control of them like how they did in Czechoslovakia
- the reaction of communist parties in Western Europe was more surprising and they showed their disapproval by distancing themselves from the Communist Party of the USSR.

The Yugoslav and Romanian governments also condemned the Soviet invasion and began to foster closer links with China. This was significant because it showed a weakening of the Soviet Union’s ideological power in Eastern Europe.
- Yugoslavia and Romania formed alliances with China

64
Q

why didnt Khrushchev allow Hungary to leave the Warsaw pact

A

it would’ve left a gap in the USSR’s buffer zone

65
Q

h

A

h

66
Q

consequences of the 1959 geneva summit

A
  • no solution to the ultimatum was found
  • relations between Khrushchev and Eisenhower improved and Khrushchev agreed to consider a trip to the usa for another summit meeting the following yr
  • demonstrated the respect the two leaders had for each other

HISTORY (31 decks)

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