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Anatomy > The Thorax > Flashcards

The Thorax Flashcards

1
Q

True ribs

A

Ribs 1-7

Costal cartilages articulate directly with the sternum

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2
Q

False ribs

A

8-12

Either articulate anteriorly with the costal cartilages of the ribs above, or do not articulate at all

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3
Q

Floating ribs

A

11 and 12

Much shorter

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4
Q

Sternal angle

A

Separates the manubrium and ht body of the sternum
Easily palpated
marks articulation of rib 2 with the sternum, therefore a grid reference for counting ribs§

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5
Q

External intercostal muscle

A

Muscle fibres directed downwards and forwards
“hands in pockets”
Contract upon inhalation, aiding in raising of the chest

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6
Q

Internal intercostal muscle

A

Lie in opposite directions to the external fibres
“Hands on chest”
Contract upon forced exhalation

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7
Q

neurovascular bundle

A

Consists of the intercostal vein, artery and nerve

Lies between internal and innermost intercostal muscles

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8
Q

Inserting needle into intercostal space

A

Place in lower part because this avoids the neuromuscular bundle which is present at the lower border of the ribs

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9
Q

Intercostal nerves

A

Anterior rami of the first 11 thoracic nerves, supply the intercostal muscles, chest wall skin and the parietal pleura

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10
Q

Internal thoracic artery

A

Major artery on the anterior aspect of the chest wall
branch of the subclavian artery
Lies 1cm lateral to the sternum

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11
Q

Anterior intercostal arteries

A

Branches of the internal thoracic artery or those of it’s musculophrenic branch
Posterior intercostal arteries derived from the descending thoracic artery

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12
Q

Anastomes

A

Between anterior and posterior intercostal arteries

Important collateral channels for circulation incases of blood flow in the aorta

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13
Q

Lungs and pleural cavities

A

Thoracic cavity subdivided into left and right pleural cavities, each surrounding a lung, and the mediastinum
Problems in one pleural cavity does not necessarily effect the other
Also mediastinum can be entered surgically without opening the pleural cavities

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14
Q

The pleural cavity

A

Potential space between two layers of pleura
Outer parietal layer of pleura lines the thoracic cavity and inner visceral or pulmonary layer closely fits onto lung surface
Two layers become continuous at the root of the lung

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15
Q

Right lung

A

Subdivided into superior, middle and inferior lobes by an oblique and horizontal fissure

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16
Q

Horizontal right lung fissure

A

Fourth rib

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17
Q

Oblique fissure of the lungs

A

Second thoracic vertebrae

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18
Q

Left lung

A

Divided into superior and inferior lobes with an oblique fissure between
Depression behind due to aortic arch

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19
Q

Lung hilum

A

Where the arteries, veins and bronchus lie

Enclosed in a sleeve of pleura which loosely hangs down in its lower part as the pulmonary ligament

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20
Q

Root of the lung

A

Contains bronchial arteries supplying bronchi and bronchioles, the pulmonary plexus of autonomic nerves innervating the nerves and lymph nodes draining it

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21
Q

Phrenic nerve

A

Lies in front of the root of the lung and vagus nerve behind

22
Q

Right bronchus

A

Shorter wide and more vertical

23
Q

Angle between he two bronchi

A

70 in an adult
25 to right
45 to left
Foreign bodies more likely to go in right

24
Q

Superior mediastinum

A

Demarcated by a horizontal plane that passes through the body of the 4th thoracic vertebra and manubrio-sternak joint
This level - arch of aorta gives off the brachiocephalic trunk, the left common carotid and the left subclavian artery

25
Q

Lying anterior to the great vessels

A

The jugular and subclavian veins that converge on the left to form the brachiocephalic vein before merging with the jugular vein on the right to form the superior vena cava

26
Q

Trachea in mediastinum

A

and upper part of the thoracic oesophagus
posterior to greta vessels
Trachea passes into posterior mediastinum

27
Q

Division of the trachea

A

occurs at the 4th thoracic vertebra

oesophagus lies behind

28
Q

vagus nerve

A

Enters chest from the neck close to the sides of the trachea and oesophagus
Goes on to supply the organs of the chest before penetrating the diaphragm to supply much of the abdominal viscera

29
Q

Phrenic nerve

A

Lies lateral to the vagus
Arises from the neck
passes in front of the root of each lung
Goes on to supply the pericardium and muscles of the diaphragm

30
Q

thoracic diaphragm

A

Chest is bound by ribcage laterally and diphragm interiorly
Separates diaphragm from the abdomen
Pierced by oesophagus and IVC
Innervated by the phrenic nerve

31
Q

Four corners of the heart

A

1 - 3rd costal cartilage, 1 finger-length to edge of sternum
2 - 6th costal cartilage, edge of sternum
3 - 2nd intercostal space, one finger-width lateral to the sternum
4 - 5th intercostal space, midclavicular line

32
Q

Heart significance of T4/5

A

Top of heart, where vessels begin and sternal angle position

33
Q

inter ventricular arrert

A

Supplies the anterolateral myocardium, apex and inter ventricular septum
Typically supplies 50% of the left ventricle

34
Q

Circumflex artery

A

Supplies the posterolateral left ventricle and also the SAN in 38% of perople

35
Q

Right coronary artery

A

Supplies mainly the right atrium and ventricle

36
Q

Left coronary artery

A

Supplies the left atrium and ventricle

37
Q

marginal artery

A

Supplies all the surface of the right ventricle

38
Q

Posterior inter ventricular artery

A

Supplies the posterior intraventricular septum

39
Q

Crista terminalis

A

In left atrium

Smooth and rough part separated by this vertical ridge

40
Q

Foremen ovale

A

Only present in the foetus
In fetes it allows blood to flow from the right to the left atrium, bypassing the lungs
Pressure changes at birth so the foramen oval closes and the fossa ovals forms

41
Q

Fossa ovalis

A

Oval depression on the intertribal wall

42
Q

Trabecular carnae

A

Muscular ridges on the anterior of the ventricle

43
Q

Papillary muscles

A

Attach to the valves

44
Q

Chordae tendinae

A

Connect papillary muscles to the tricuspid valve cusps
Prevent the valve cusps being everted into atrium
80% collagen dn 20% elastin

45
Q

Aortic sinus

A

Coronary arteries originate from the sinuses

Right from anterior and left from posterior aortic sinus

46
Q

Interventriculae septum

A

Has the muscular and membranous parts
Bulges into right ventricle
Separates the ventricles
Contributes to the pumping action of left ventricle

47
Q

SA node

A

Hearts pacemaker

Situated in the right atrium at upper end of the crista terminalis

48
Q

AV node

A

Situated in the interatrial septum near the opening of the coronary sinus

49
Q

Coronary artery dominance

A

Depends on which artery supplies the AV node

R - 70%, L - 15%, Co - 15%

50
Q

Ligamentum arteriosum

A

Remnant of ductus arterioles
Connected the pulmonary artery and the aorta in the fetus
Stops blood passing through the lungs

Anatomy (6 decks)

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