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Z BIO104 - GENERAL ECOLOGY > The Terrestrial Environment > Flashcards

The Terrestrial Environment Flashcards

1
Q

It greatly increases the constraint imposed by gravitational forces?

A

Dessication (constraint)

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2
Q

It results from the displacement of water that helps organisms in aquatic environments overcome the constraints imposed by gravity?

A

The upward force of buoyancy

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3
Q

What do you call the tendency of an object to float in a fluid?

A

Buoyancy

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4
Q

What are the structural materials that is needed in terrestrial environments to remain erect against gravitational force?

A
  • skeletons (for animals)
  • cellulose (for plants)
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5
Q

Example that imposes the unique constraint against the life on land

A

Macrocystis pyrifera (kelp)

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6
Q

What is a Macrocystis pyrifera?

A

A giant kelp inhabiting the waters off the coast in California

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7
Q
  • It grows in dense stands called kelp forests
  • Anchored to the bottom sediments
  • can grow 100 feet or more toward the surface
A

Macroalgae (kelp) or Seaweed

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8
Q

How does the kelp kept afloat?

A

They have gas-filled bladders attached to each blade

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9
Q

When the kelp plants are removed from the water, what will happen?

A

they collapse into a mass

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10
Q

Why would the kelp collapse into a mass when it is removed from the water?

A

Lacking supportive tissues strengthened by cellulose and lignin

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11
Q

Light passing through a canopy of vegetation becomes ____

A

Attenuated (reduce)

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12
Q

What influeces the amount of light that passes through reaching the ground?

A
  • density
  • orientation of leaves in a canopy
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13
Q

Foliage density is expressed as

A

LAI

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14
Q

LAI

A

Leaf Area Index

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15
Q

Leaf Area Index (LAI)

A

the area of leaves per unit of ground area

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16
Q

The amount of light reaching the ground in terrestrial vegetation ___ with the ____

A

varies with the season

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17
Q

In forest, how many percent of light striking the canopy reaches the ground?

A

1- 5 percent

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18
Q

_____ on the forest floor enable plants to endure ____ ____

A
  • Sunflecks
  • shaded conditions
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19
Q

Sunflecks

A

a specific area that has small amount of light that can pass through

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20
Q

Formula to get the LAI

A

LAI = total leaf area/projected ground area

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21
Q
  • a natural product formed and synthesized by the weathering of rocks and the action of living organisms.
  • a collection of natural bodies of earth, composed of mineral and organic matter and capable of supporting plant growth.
A

Soil

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22
Q

It is a breaking of rocks into small particles (formation of soil)

A

Weathering

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23
Q

Types of Rocks

A
  • Igneous
  • Sedementary
  • Metamorphic
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24
Q
  • a pioneer of modern soil studies
  • one eminent soil scientist that will not give an exact definition of soil
A

Hans Jenny

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25
Q

Soil is a ___ ___ of ______ ____ and ____ ___ on Earth’s surface.

A
  • natural product
  • unconsolidated mineral and organic matter
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26
Q

Why is the Soil a foundation for all terrestrial life?

A
  • it is the medium for plant growth
  • a principal factor controlling the fate of water
  • nature’s recycling system (breaks down waste products and transforms into their basic elements)
  • a habitat to a diversity of animal life
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27
Q

Where does soil formation begin?

A

Begins with the weathering of rocks and minerals

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28
Q

Water, wind, temperature and plants break down rocks

A

Mechanical weathering

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29
Q
  • the activity of soil organisms, the acids they produce, and rainwater break down primary minerals
  • it alters the chemical composition of rocks
A

Chemical weathering

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30
Q

Mechanical weathering results from the ____ of ___ ___

A

Interaction of several forces

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31
Q

Rock surfaces flake and peel away, when?

A

when exposed to the combined action of water, wind, and temperature

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32
Q

How does Water work to form rock into soil?

A

Water seeps into crevices, freezes, expands, and cracks the rock into smaller pieces

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33
Q

Wind-borne particles, such as __ and __, wearaway at the __ ____.

A
  • dust and sand
  • rock surface
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34
Q

Growing ___ of trees ___ rock apart.

A
  • roots
  • splits
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35
Q

Five Interrelated Factors Involve in Soil Formation

A
  1. Parent material
  2. Climate
  3. Biotic factors
  4. Topography
  5. Time
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36
Q
  • it provides the substrate from which soil develops
  • where soil came from
  • what rock it started
A

Parent material

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37
Q

Where could the original parent material originate?

A
  • underlying bedrock
  • glacial deposits (till)
  • sand and silt carried by the wind (eolian)
  • gravity moving material down a slope (colluvium)
  • sediments carried by flowing water (fluvial) including water in floodplains
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38
Q

glacial deposits

A

till

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39
Q

sand and silt carried by the wind

A

eolian

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40
Q

gravity moving material down a slope

A

colluvium

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41
Q

sediments carried by flowing water, including water in floodplains

A

fluvial

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42
Q

It shapes soil development through temperature, precipitation, and its influence on vegetation and animal life

A

Climate

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43
Q

How does Climate shapes soil development?

A

Through temperature, precipitation, and its influence on vegetation and animal life

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44
Q

The vegetation, animals, bacteria, and fungi—add organic matter and mix it with mineral matter

A

Biotic Factors

45
Q
  • influences the amount of water entering the soil and the rates of erosion
  • the contour of the land, can affect how climate influences the weathering process.
A

Topography

46
Q

It can affect how climate influence the weathering process

A

The contour of the land

47
Q
  • it is a crucial element in soil formation
  • forming well-developed soils may require 2000 to 20,000 years.
A

Time

48
Q

How many years will it take to form a well-developed soils?

A

2000 to 20,000 years

49
Q

Soils differ in the ___ ___ of __, ___, and ___

A
  • physical properties
  • color, texture, and depth
50
Q
  • indicates what element is present in the soil
  • has a little direct influence on soil function
  • indicates the chemical composition of the rocks and minerals form which the soil was formed
A

Color

51
Q

an organic matter that makes soil dark or black

A

Humus

52
Q

What is color of the soil if oxides of iron is present?

A

Yellowish-brown to red

53
Q

What is color of the soil if manganese oxides is present?

A

Purplish to black

54
Q

What is color of the soil if Quartz, kaolin, gypsum, and carbonates of calcium and magnesium is present?

A

Whitish and grayish

55
Q

What color indicates poorly drained soils or soils saturated by water?

A

Blotches of various shades of yellowish-brown and gray

56
Q
  • proportion of different-sized soil particles
  • largely determined by the parent material but is also influenced by the soil-forming process
A

Texture

57
Q

It consists of particles larger than 2.0 mm, but they are not part of the fine fraction of soil

A

Gravel

58
Q

It ranges from 0.05 to 2.0 mm, is easy to see, and feels gritty

A

Sand

59
Q

It consists of particles from 0.002 to 0.05 mm in diameter that can scarcely be seen by the naked eye

A

Silt

60
Q

It is a particles are less than 0.002 mm and are too small to be seen under an ordinary microscope

A

Clay

61
Q

It varies across the landscape, depending on slope, weathering, parent materials, and vegetation

A

Depth

62
Q

In the pyramid chart:
Sand

A

Arrow-up-left [ \ ]

63
Q

In the pyramid chart:
Silt

A

Arrow-down-left [ / ]

64
Q

In the pyramid chart:
Clay

A

Horizontal Arrow from Left or Right

65
Q

It is soils develop in layers

A

Horizons

66
Q

What are the four Horizons commonly recognized

A
  1. O horizon or Organic Layer
  2. A (sometimes E) or Topsoil
  3. B or Subsoil
  4. C horizon
67
Q

Layer of Soil:
It is dominated by the organic material, consisting of undecomposed or partially decomposed plant materials, such as dead leaves

A

O horizon or Organic Layer

68
Q

Layer of Soil:
Characterized by accumulation of organic matter

A

A (sometimes E) horizon or Topsoil

69
Q

Layer of Soil:
In which mineral materials accumulate

A

B horizon or Subsoil

70
Q

Layer of Soil:
The unconsolidated material underlying the subsoil and extending downward to the bedrock

A

C horizon

71
Q

What would you discover if you dig into the surface layer of a soil after a soaking rain?

A

a sharp transition between wet surface soil and the dry soil below

72
Q

As rain falls on the surface, it moves into the soil by ____

A

Infiltration

73
Q

Water moves by ___ into the open ___ ___ in the soil

A
  • gravity
  • pore spaces
74
Q

What determines the amount of water that can flow in?

A

the size of the soil particles and their spacing

75
Q

It increases the rate of water infiltration

A

Wide pore spacing at the soil surface

76
Q

In wide pores spacing at the soil surface ___ __ have a ___ ____ __ than ___ __ do.

A
  • coarse soils
  • higher infiltration rate
  • fine soils
77
Q

An essential feature of soils

A

Moisture-Holding Capacity

78
Q

What is one of the important characteristics of soil?

A

The amount of water a soil can hold

79
Q

When there is more water than pore space can hold, the soil is ___

A

Saturated

80
Q

If water fills all the pore spaces and is held there by internal capillary forces, the soil is at ___ ____

A

Field capacity

81
Q

When the moisture level is at a point where plants cannot extract water, the soil has reached ___ ___

A

Wilting point

82
Q

The amount of water retained between field capacity and wilting point is the ____ ___ ____

A

Available Water Capacity

83
Q

The available water capacity of a soil is a _____ of its ____

A

Function of its texture

84
Q

What is important to soil Fertility?

A

Ion Exchange Capacity

85
Q

Chemicals within the soil ____ into the soil water to form a ___

A
  • dissolve
  • solution
86
Q

What do you call the chemicals that is dissolved into the soil water that forms into a solution?

A

Exchangeable nutrients

87
Q

these ____ ____ in solution are the most ___ ___ for ___ and __ by plants

A
  • chemical nutrients
  • readily available
  • uptake and use
88
Q

They are held in soil by the ____ ____ of oppositely charged particles and are ___ ____ with the soil solution

A
  • simple attraction
  • constantly interchanging
89
Q

A charged particle

A

Ion

90
Q

What are Ions that carries a positive charge?

A

Cations

91
Q

What are Ions that carries a negative charge?

A

Anions

92
Q

What chemical elements and compounds exist in the soil solution as cations?

A
  • Calcium (Ca2+)
  • Magnesium (Mg2+), and
  • Ammonium (NH4+)
93
Q

What chemical elements and compounds exist in the soil solution as anions?

A
  • Nitrate (NO3−) and
  • Sulfate (SO4 2−)
94
Q

The ability of these ions in soil solution to bind to the surface of soil particles depends on what?

A

The number of negatively or positively charged sites within the soil

95
Q

What are important to nutrient availability and the cation exhange capacity of the soil?

A

soil particles,particularly clay particles and organic matter

96
Q

What is the cation exchange capacity of the soil?

A

the number of negatively charged sites on soil particles that can attract positively charged ions

97
Q

Cations occupying the negatively charged particles in the soil are in a state of ___ ___ with similar cations in the soil solution.

A

dynamic equilibrium

98
Q

What is the percentage of sites occupied by ions other than hydrogen?

A

Percent base saturation

99
Q

What is the broadest level of soil classification?

A

Order

100
Q

The process of soil formation as regulated by the effects of place, environment, and history

A

Pedogenesis

101
Q

Five main soil-forming processes that give rise to different classes of soils

A
  1. Laterization
  2. Calcification
  3. Salinization
  4. Podzolization
  5. Gleization
102
Q

it is a process common to soils found in humid environments in the tropical and subtropical regions

A

Laterization

103
Q

What causes the rapid weathering of rocks and minerals?

A

Hot, rainy condiitons

104
Q

Movements of large amounts of water through the soil cause heavy ____ and most of the compounds and nutrients made available by the weathering process are _____ ___of the soil profile if __ ___ __ by plants.

A
  • leaching
  • transported out
  • not taken up
105
Q

It occurs when evaporation and water uptake by plants exceed precipitation

A

Calcification

106
Q
  • It is a process that functions similarly to calcification, only in much drier climates
  • It differs from calcification in that the salt deposits occur at or near the soil surface
A

Salinization

107
Q
  • acidic soil solution enhances the process of leaching, causing the removal of cations and compounds of iron and aluminum from the A horizon (topsoil)
  • this process creates a sublayer in the A horizon that is composed of white- to gray-colored sand
A

Podzolization

108
Q

it occurs in regions with high rainfall or low-lying areas associated with poor drainage

A

Gleization

109
Q

The constantly wet conditions slow the breakdown of organic matter by ______ (bacteria and fungi), allowing the matter to ______ in ___ ___ of the soil. The accumulated organic matter releases ____ ___ that react with iron in the soil, giving the soil a ___ to ______ color matter

A
  • decomposers
  • accumulate in upper layers
  • organic acids
  • black to bluish-gray

Z BIO104 - GENERAL ECOLOGY (8 decks)

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