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Z BIO104 - GENERAL ECOLOGY > Population Ecology > Flashcards

Population Ecology Flashcards

1
Q

What is population ecology?

A
  • science that deals with measuring changes in population size and composition
  • identify the factors that cause the changes
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2
Q

It consists of all the individuals of a species in a given area

A

Population

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3
Q

It describes the age distribution of individuals, and how those individuals are spread over the environment

A

Population structure

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4
Q

Why is it important for scientist to describe natural populations?

A
  • to asses the health of population
  • to determine the endangered or threatened status
  • to predict the population dynamics
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5
Q
  • study how and why population size changes over time
  • study the factors affecting growth, stability and decline of populations
A

Population Dynamics

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6
Q

3 phases in life cycle

A
  • growth
  • stability
  • decline
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7
Q

Characteristics of Dynamics

A
  • size
  • density
  • dispersal
  • immigration
  • emigration
  • births
  • deaths
  • survivors
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8
Q

The _____ of a population is measured as the number of individuals per unit area

A

density

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9
Q

The _______ of a population is the patten of spacing among individuals within the geogrpahic boundaries

A

dispersion

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10
Q

It is a way to estimate the size of a population

A

Mark and recapture method

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11
Q

Three general patterns of population distribution

A
  • Clumping
  • Uniform distibution
  • Random dispersion
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12
Q
  • also known as aggregated distribution
  • individuals aggregate in patches
A

Clumped distribution

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13
Q

Clump Distribution
Caused by:

A

environment where the resources concentrated in patches

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14
Q

Clumped Distribution
Other factors:

A
  • mating
  • limited seed dispersal
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15
Q

Clumped Distribution
Importance:

A
  • for protection
  • reducing competition
  • increasing feeding efficiencies
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16
Q
  • patterm of equallyspaced individuals
  • used the resources found immediately around them
A

Uniform Distribution

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17
Q

Unifrom Distribution
Caused by:

A

the ability to survive anywhere in the habitat

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18
Q

Uniform Distribution
Importance:

A

able to set up the zone of territories for feeding, nesting, breeding

19
Q

Individuals in a population are spaced all over an area in a way that in unrelated to the presemce of others

A

Random Dispersion

20
Q

Random Dispersion
Spacing pattern:

A

based on total unpredictability

21
Q

Random Dispersion
Caused by:

A

the ability to live anywhere in a given area except, they are limited to grow whenever they are first set root (for plants)

22
Q

3 factors to determine population changes

A
  • births
  • deaths
  • migration (immigration & emigration)
23
Q

Population of organism able to change ____ ____

A

over time

24
Q

Increase in population size usually due to _______ (birth rate)

A

natality

25
Q

Decrease in population size as a result of ______

A

mortality

26
Q

Population growth can be describe by using a growth curves, what are those?

A
  • Exponential Growth
  • Logistic Growth
27
Q

It is called an S-curve necause of its shape

A

Growth curve

28
Q

Factors that tend to reduce population growth rates

A

Environmental resistance

29
Q
  • the growth rate is always positive
  • NO upper limit to population size
A

Exponential Growth

30
Q
  • mode of population that assume birth rate and death rate remain constant over time
  • describing an idealized population in an unlimited population
  • ignoring immigration and emigration
A

Exponenetial Growth Curve

31
Q

The result in exponential growth

A

b >d , r > 0

32
Q

Population growth is therefore regulated by _____ ______ (K), which is the maximum stable population size a particular environment can support

A

carrying capacity

33
Q

Population Growth Rate

A
  • Logistic Growth Rate
  • Carrying Capacity
34
Q
  • S-shaped curve
  • the rate of population growth slows as the population size approches carrying capacity, leveling to a constant level
A

Logistic Growth Rate

35
Q

Factors influencing population density

A
  • interaction of density-dependent factors
  • interaction of density-independent factors
36
Q

Density-dependent Factors

A
  • limiting resources (eg., food & shelter)
  • production of toxic waste
  • infectious disease
  • predation
  • stress
  • emigration
37
Q

Density-independent Factors

A
  • severe storms and flooding
  • sudden unpredictable severe cold spells
  • earthquakes and volcanoes
  • catastrophic meteorite impacts
38
Q

General types of population fluctuations

A
  1. Stable
  2. Irruptive
  3. Chaotic Behavior
  4. Cyclic
39
Q

Population size fluctuates slightly above and below carrying capacity

A

Stable

40
Q

General types of population fluctuations:
Stable, usually found in

A
  • undisturbed areas
  • little change in climate
41
Q
  • a population explosion but then rather return to a lower size rather than quickly
  • impacted by favorable weather, increase in food supply, decrease in predators
A

Irruptive

42
Q

Irregular changes in size with no real pattern seen

A

Chaotic Behavior

43
Q

Changes occur in a pattern over a period of time

A

Cyclic

Z BIO104 - GENERAL ECOLOGY (8 decks)

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