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Z BIO104 - GENERAL ECOLOGY > Aquatic Ecosystem > Flashcards

Aquatic Ecosystem Flashcards

1
Q

Abiotic Factors

A

Salinity
Hardness
Temperature
Availability of Sunlight
Dissolved Oxygen
pH
Nutrients
Turbidity

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2
Q

It is the amount of dissolved salt in the water

A

Salinity

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3
Q

Salinity is formed by the ______ of ____

A

Weathering of rocks

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4
Q

Biotic Factor

A

Aquatic Organisms

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5
Q

Higher salinity water is more _____

A

dense

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6
Q

It is the amount of minerals (calcium and magnesium) in freshwater

A

Hardness

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7
Q

It measures the average kinetic energy of the water molecules

A

Temperature

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8
Q

Warmest at the _______ and near the _______

A
  • surface
  • equator
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9
Q

It decreases with water depth

A

Availability of sunlight

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10
Q

It is the amount of oxygen gas per mL of water

A

Dissolved oxygen

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11
Q

A measurement of the acidity or alkalinity of water

A

pH

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12
Q

pH below 7

A

Acids

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13
Q

pH
Rainwater:

A

5.6 due to mixing with CO2

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14
Q

pH
Acid rain:

A

<4.5 due to mixing with sulfur

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15
Q
  • pH is exactly 7
  • pure water
A

Neutral

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16
Q

pH above 7

A

Bases

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17
Q

pH
Ocean Water:

A

8.1 due to carbonate (CO32-) ions

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18
Q
  • are nitrates and phosphates that runoff from land
  • needed for algae growth
A

Nutrients

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19
Q

It measures water cloudiness, and also increases with soil runoff

A

Turbidity

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20
Q

Aquatic organisms

A

Plankton
Nekton
Benthos
Decomposers

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21
Q

Small, freefloating or weakly swimming

A

Plankton

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22
Q

Plankton that are plantlike

A

Phytoplankton

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23
Q

Plankton that are animal-like

A

Zooplankton

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24
Q

Large, independent swimmers

A

Nekton

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25
Q
  • Bottom-dwellers
  • Many do not move, or move very seldom
A

Benthos

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26
Q

Break down dead organisms and waste, cycling nutrients back into the water

A

Decomposers

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27
Q

An ecosystem that includes rivers, ponds, and lakes with low salinity

A

Freshwater Ecosystems

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28
Q

Areas naturally filled with water

A

Lakes and Ponds

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29
Q

Ponds are _______, lakes ______

A
  • smaller
  • bigger
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30
Q

It is nearest the shore

A

Littoral zone

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31
Q

Waters in the littoral zone

A

warm, shallow, and sunlit

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32
Q

It root at the bottom and pass through the water surface

A

Emergent plants

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33
Q

An open water area too deep for emergent plants

A

Limnetic zone (Photic)

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34
Q

Water in the Limnetic zone

A
  • warm and sunlit
  • supports phytoplankton
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35
Q

It is cold and aphotic

A

Profundal zone

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36
Q
  • lakes that have low nutrient levels, limiting algae and phytoplankton growth
  • low turbidity
A

Oligotrophic

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37
Q
  • lakes that have high nutrients levels and excessive algae growth
  • very high turbidity
A

Eutrophic

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38
Q

Narrow channels that carry runoff water towards rivers

A

Streams

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39
Q

Wider and carry more water

A

Rivers

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40
Q

Each section of a river has different ______ _______

A

abiotic properties

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41
Q

The headwaters or river source has:

A
  • High dissolved oxygen (O2)
  • Low nutrients (NO3, NO2, PO4)
  • Cold water temperatures
  • Low turbidity (oligotrophic)
  • No salinity
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42
Q

In the transition zone, the river…

A
  • Widens and deepens
  • Becomes warmer
  • Decreases dissolved oxygen
  • Increases nutrient levels
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43
Q

Within the transition zone are _________ that regularly flood

A

floodplains

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44
Q

Floodplains

A
  • high in soil nutrient levels
  • very fertile
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45
Q

It is where the river enters the ocean

A

Mouth

46
Q

Mouth (river)
Abiotic properties:

A
  • Low dissolved oxygen (O2)
  • High nutrients (NO3, NO2, PO4)
  • Warm water temperatures
  • High turbidity (eutrophic)
  • Moderate salinity
47
Q

Areas containing soils that are usually waterlogged

A

Wetlands

48
Q

Completely saturated in water

A

Waterlogged

49
Q

Soil tends to be __________ due to the lack of ___ _______

A
  • oxygen-poor
  • air exposure
50
Q

Found in low-lying, treeless areas

A

Marshes

51
Q

Low-lying wetlands dominated by trees

A

Swamps

52
Q

Have floating mats of plant matter that living plants grow on.

A

Bogs

53
Q

Bogs:
It is where living plants grow on

A

Floating mats

54
Q

Slow rates of ____________ result in nutrient-poor water

A

decomposition

55
Q

Adaptations of Wetland Organisms

A
  • Floating
  • Carnivorous
  • Emergent
56
Q

Floating

A

Fewer vascular tissues needed since water is abundant, making them lighter

57
Q

Carnivorous

A

Capture and digest insects to increase nitrogen and phosphorous absorption

58
Q

Emergent

A

Many empty spaces in tissues to allow oxygen to flow through the plant and into the submerged root

59
Q

Example of Floating plant

A

Water lily

60
Q

Example of Carnivorous plant

A

Venus flytrap

61
Q

Example of Emergent plant

A

Cattail

62
Q

It includes wetlands that are found along the shoreline and in shallow seas

A

Coastal Ecosystem

63
Q

Saltwater wetland areas that are continually covered and uncovered by the tides

A

Tidal flats

64
Q

Saltwater pools that are separated from the ocean by sandbanks or coral reefs

A

Coastal lagoons

65
Q

Partially-enclosed bodies of water where river water mixes with sea water, forming brackish water

A

Estuaries

66
Q

Landforms at river mouths formed by deposited sediment

A

Deltas

67
Q

As rivers reach the ocean, their ______ slows

A

current

68
Q

Slow-moving waters cannot ______ as much _________

A

carry as much sediment

69
Q

The sediment is deposited at the _____ _____ _____

A

shallow ocean shore

70
Q

Eventually the sediment ______ the coastline and forms large ________

A
  • expands
  • landmasses
71
Q

Tidal flats dominated by herbs and grasses

A

Salt marshes

72
Q

Contain submerged plants that resemble grass

A

Seagrass beds

73
Q

have trees with roots that can filter salt

A

Mangrove forests

74
Q

Purpose of mangrove forests

A

Coastal protection

75
Q

How does the mongrove forests protects the coast?

A

By dissipating up to 90% of wave energy

76
Q

It includes shallow seas, open ocean, and the sea floor in its ecosystem

A

Ocean Ecosystem

77
Q

The ______ ____ alternates from submerged during high tide to dry during low tide

A

intertidal zone

78
Q

It is the result of the gravitational pull of the sun and moon

A

Tides

79
Q

During this tide, the sun and moon’s gravity align, creating the greatest tidal range

A

Spring tides

80
Q

During this tide, the sun and moon’s gravity are perpendicular, resulting in the smallest tidal range

A

Neap tides

81
Q

Intertidal Zone Ecosystems

A
  • Rocky Shores
  • Sandy Shores
82
Q

Rocky Shores

A
  • Substrate is hard and stable
  • Erosion is slow
83
Q

Sandy Shores

A
  • Substrate is shifting and unstable
  • Erosion is rapid
  • Color depends on source
84
Q

Common Types of Sand

A
  • Black
  • Brown
  • White
85
Q

Example of Black sand

A

Volcanic rock

86
Q

Example of Brown sand

A

Quartz

87
Q

Example of White sand

A

Coral

88
Q

It is a shallow sea ecosystem immediately above the continental shelf

A

Coastal zone

89
Q

In coastal zone:

A
  • abundant in sunlight and nutrients
  • contains 90% of ocean’s biodiversity
90
Q

Ecosystems that are built on the exoskeletons of coral polyps

A

Coral reefs

91
Q

Coral reefs are mostly found in what type of water?

A

Warm, shallow, sunlit water

92
Q

It is a symbiotic relationship between two organisms

A

Coral

93
Q

What are the organisms that are involved in the symbiotic relationship of corals?

A

Polyps and Algae

94
Q

It build the calcium carbonate exoskeleton

A

Polyps

95
Q

It photosynthesize most of the coral’s food

A

Algae

96
Q

It is an important sink in the carbon cycle and helps to maintain ocean pH

A

Calcium carbonate

97
Q

The ____ _____ includes all areas beyond the
continental shelf

A

Open ocean

98
Q

Open ocean is also called as

A

Marine Desert

99
Q

What are the Ocean light zones

A
  • Photic zone
  • Aphotic zone
100
Q

A zone that contains sunlight; enough to perform photosynthesis in the topmost layer

A

Photic Zone

101
Q

It has no sunlight at all

A

Aphotic zone

102
Q

Abundant species in the aphotic zone

A

Bioluminescent species

103
Q

It can produce and emit light

A

Bioluminescent

104
Q

It is the result of chemical reactions by symbiotic bacteria

A

Light

105
Q

The light can help to find _____ or _____ _____

A

prey or attract mates

106
Q

It receives no light, and all food webs are based around scavenging and decomposition

A

Abyssal plain

107
Q

It is received by the abyssal plain from the upper layer of the water column

A

Marine snow

108
Q

A constant flow of detritus from above

A

Marine snow

109
Q

Fissures in the abyssal plain where heated water and minerals are released

A

Hydrothermal vents

110
Q

Organisms that can generate food from these chemicals perform ___________

A

Chemosynthesis

Z BIO104 - GENERAL ECOLOGY (8 decks)

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