The Telegraphic n Post-telegraphic stage

Question 1

What age does the Telegraphic stage occur?

Answer 1

2-3 years

Question 2

What are the key points of the Telegraphic stage?

Answer 2

• utterances gradually get longer
• sentences produced make sense but are not yet grammatically complete
• utterances will incorporate key content words
• some grammatical words will be omitted
  ‘MUMMY GET MILK’

Question 3

At what point does the Pot-telegraphic stage occur?

Answer 3

3+ years

Question 4

What are the key points of the Post-Telegraphic stage?

Answer 4

• Pre school language stage
• both content n grammatical words now appear
• utterances more closely resemble adult speech
• shows evidence of growing

Question 5

Why is the Post-telegraphic stage important?

Answer 5

Transcripts we will look at on our exam papers

Question 6

What is a key feature of the Post-telegraphic stage?

Answer 6

• by inverting the subject and object the meaning changes
• literal meaning to conveying humour
• more complex understanding of the subject object positioning

Question 7

Functions and word class

Answer 7

Gaining confidence with inflectional functions and understanding the ways in which particular words might have different endings according to quantity, scale or time

Question 8

What are open words classes?

Answer 8

LEXICAL
- a word class that is generally open to new membership

Question 8

What are inflectional functions?

Answer 8

The way that an affix shows a grammatical category such as verb tense or plural noun

Question 9

What are closed word classes?

Answer 9

A word class which doesn’t really admit new members

Question 10

What are the 4 open word classes?

Answer 10

1- noun
2- verb
3- adjective
4- adverb

Question 11

What is a lexeme?

Answer 11

The basic unit of meaning in he lexicon or vocabulary of a specific language or culture

Question 12

What is an affix?

Answer 12

An addition to the base form or stem of a word in order to modify its meaning or create a new word

Question 13

What are closed word classes used for?

Answer 13

Provide connections and cohesion between other words, fewer new members and a smaller group of word classes

Question 14

What are the 4 closed word classes?

Answer 14

1- Pronouns, substitute noun
2- Determiners, detail or clarity
3- Prepositions, time or place
4- Conjunctions, connections between larger structures

Question 15

What is a regular inflection?

Answer 15

n- dog-dogs
adv- fast/er/est
verb- walk/s/ing

Question 16

What are irregular inflections?

Answer 16

n- child/ren
adv- more/most
verb- goes/went

Question 17

What are virtuous errors?

Answer 17

Grammatical and semantic errors that are understandable and logical through an incorrect assumption being made about grammar rules

Question 18

What does recast mean?

Answer 18

Grammatically non standard utterance of a child is spoken back tot eh child but in standard form

Question 19

Key research
BROWN

Answer 19

Identified typical features of grammatical development and when such features might emerge
14 morphemes- conclusions drawn
- seen as a benchmark for typical development patterns

Question 20

What is a morpheme?

Answer 20

a meaningful morphological unit of a language that cannot be further divided
in,come,ing

Question 21

Grammar development- pronouns

Answer 21

Alongside the development of syntactical and inflectional awareness, a child must also learn o differentiate between a subject and object pronoun
- young speakers often confuse me and I

Question 22

Key Research
BELLUGI

Answer 22

3 stages on the way to using pronouns correctly
1) use their own name rather than pronoun- caregivers use proper nouns rather than pronouns to avoid confusion
2) ‘I’ and ‘me’ used interchangeably and do not follow the subject and object pronoun rule
3) gain mastery of pronoun use and use them accurately

Question 23

Key Research
LEWIS AND RAMSEY

Answer 23

Pronoun development during a child’s 2nd year will depend on the extent to which the child has a sense of identity
- can recognise the notion of self in the context of imaginative play
- cognitive development and emergence of a sense of self will impact on a child’s grammatical accuracy

Question 24

Grammar development: Negatives
BELLUGI

Answer 24

3 Stages to the formation of negatives
1- negative will be placed at the beginning of the sentence
2- move within the sentence
3- grammatically correct attached to auxiliary verbs or the copular verb be accurately

Question 25

Grammar development: Questions
BELLUGI

Answer 25

The same as for negatives goes here- the important thing to remember is the auxiliary verb do
1- use intonation
2- words such as what where when
3- use can and do correctly

Question 26

What is an auxiliary verb?

Answer 26

Does not convey the main meaning within a sentence but supports the main verb
- I WAS going

Question 27

What is a Copular verb?

Answer 27

• to be, to look, to seem
  Joins the subject to an adjective or noun complement
• she SEEMS happy

Question 28

Grammar development: sentences, clauses, phrases
What can children do in this stage?

Answer 28

• use coordinating and subordinating conjunctions
• make complex and compound utterances
• construct longer noun phrases
• manipulate verb aspects more accurately
• wide range of requests, explain
• ask for explanations
• flexible language tools for conveying a wide range of meaning

Question 29

Grammar development: sentences, clauses, phrases
Other examples of what children can do

Answer 29

• abstract verbs
• pragmatic understanding
• express meaning indirectly
• replace imperatives
• express mental operations
• negation, question forms

Question 30

What is semantic development?

Answer 30

• specific connections between people, places, things
• words attached to the in language
• apply words to objects with similar features
• test whether a word is accurate in that context too

Question 31

What does overextension mean?

Answer 31

when a word is used more broadly to describe things other than the specific item to which the word actually applies

Question 32

What are the 2 types of overextension?

Answer 32

1- categorical
2- analogical

Question 33

What is Categorical over-extension?

Answer 33

When a child applies the same word to all items within the same category
- all drinks might be called milk as they all feature within the same category

Question 34

What is Analogical over-extension?

Answer 34

When a child makes connection between items and draws analogies because they have similar characteristics
- blankie for socks, coat, tea-towel, oven gloves, blanket
- because they are all made out of fabric

Question 35

What is meant by semantics?

Answer 35

Relating to meaning in language of logic

Question 36

What is meant by under-extension?

Answer 36

The use of a word in a limited way which does not recognise its full meaning

Question 37

What is an example of under-extension?

Answer 37

When a child will only use the word in a limited way which does not recognise its full meaning

Question 38

When will a mismatch occur in semantic development?

Answer 38

When the connection between the label and the object being identified is unclear

Question 39

What does mismatch mean?

Answer 39

When a label is applied to an object without a clear link

Question 40

What is an example of a mismatch in a child’s semantic development?

Answer 40

Might see a pencil and say ‘shopping’
- the connection between the activity remaining quite tenuous but perhaps linked because the caregiver always takes a pencil and a shopping list to the supermarket