The Telegraphic n Post-telegraphic stage Flashcards
What age does the Telegraphic stage occur?
2-3 years
What are the key points of the Telegraphic stage?
- utterances gradually get longer
- sentences produced make sense but are not yet grammatically complete
- utterances will incorporate key content words
- some grammatical words will be omitted
‘MUMMY GET MILK’
At what point does the Pot-telegraphic stage occur?
3+ years
What are the key points of the Post-Telegraphic stage?
- Pre school language stage
- both content n grammatical words now appear
- utterances more closely resemble adult speech
- shows evidence of growing
Why is the Post-telegraphic stage important?
Transcripts we will look at on our exam papers
What is a key feature of the Post-telegraphic stage?
- by inverting the subject and object the meaning changes
- literal meaning to conveying humour
- more complex understanding of the subject object positioning
Functions and word class
Gaining confidence with inflectional functions and understanding the ways in which particular words might have different endings according to quantity, scale or time
What are open words classes?
LEXICAL
- a word class that is generally open to new membership
What are inflectional functions?
The way that an affix shows a grammatical category such as verb tense or plural noun
What are closed word classes?
A word class which doesn’t really admit new members
What are the 4 open word classes?
1- noun
2- verb
3- adjective
4- adverb
What is a lexeme?
The basic unit of meaning in he lexicon or vocabulary of a specific language or culture
What is an affix?
An addition to the base form or stem of a word in order to modify its meaning or create a new word
What are closed word classes used for?
Provide connections and cohesion between other words, fewer new members and a smaller group of word classes
What are the 4 closed word classes?
1- Pronouns, substitute noun
2- Determiners, detail or clarity
3- Prepositions, time or place
4- Conjunctions, connections between larger structures
What is a regular inflection?
n- dog-dogs
adv- fast/er/est
verb- walk/s/ing
What are irregular inflections?
n- child/ren
adv- more/most
verb- goes/went
What are virtuous errors?
Grammatical and semantic errors that are understandable and logical through an incorrect assumption being made about grammar rules
What does recast mean?
Grammatically non standard utterance of a child is spoken back tot eh child but in standard form
Key research
BROWN
Identified typical features of grammatical development and when such features might emerge
14 morphemes- conclusions drawn
- seen as a benchmark for typical development patterns
What is a morpheme?
a meaningful morphological unit of a language that cannot be further divided
in,come,ing
Grammar development- pronouns
Alongside the development of syntactical and inflectional awareness, a child must also learn o differentiate between a subject and object pronoun
- young speakers often confuse me and I
Key Research
BELLUGI
3 stages on the way to using pronouns correctly
1) use their own name rather than pronoun- caregivers use proper nouns rather than pronouns to avoid confusion
2) ‘I’ and ‘me’ used interchangeably and do not follow the subject and object pronoun rule
3) gain mastery of pronoun use and use them accurately
Key Research
LEWIS AND RAMSEY
Pronoun development during a child’s 2nd year will depend on the extent to which the child has a sense of identity
- can recognise the notion of self in the context of imaginative play
- cognitive development and emergence of a sense of self will impact on a child’s grammatical accuracy
Grammar development: Negatives
BELLUGI
3 Stages to the formation of negatives
1- negative will be placed at the beginning of the sentence
2- move within the sentence
3- grammatically correct attached to auxiliary verbs or the copular verb be accurately
Grammar development: Questions
BELLUGI
The same as for negatives goes here- the important thing to remember is the auxiliary verb do
1- use intonation
2- words such as what where when
3- use can and do correctly
What is an auxiliary verb?
Does not convey the main meaning within a sentence but supports the main verb
- I WAS going
What is a Copular verb?
- to be, to look, to seem
Joins the subject to an adjective or noun complement - she SEEMS happy
Grammar development: sentences, clauses, phrases
What can children do in this stage?
- use coordinating and subordinating conjunctions
- make complex and compound utterances
- construct longer noun phrases
- manipulate verb aspects more accurately
- wide range of requests, explain
- ask for explanations
- flexible language tools for conveying a wide range of meaning
Grammar development: sentences, clauses, phrases
Other examples of what children can do
- abstract verbs
- pragmatic understanding
- express meaning indirectly
- replace imperatives
- express mental operations
- negation, question forms
What is semantic development?
- specific connections between people, places, things
- words attached to the in language
- apply words to objects with similar features
- test whether a word is accurate in that context too
What does overextension mean?
when a word is used more broadly to describe things other than the specific item to which the word actually applies
What are the 2 types of overextension?
1- categorical
2- analogical
What is Categorical over-extension?
When a child applies the same word to all items within the same category
- all drinks might be called milk as they all feature within the same category
What is Analogical over-extension?
When a child makes connection between items and draws analogies because they have similar characteristics
- blankie for socks, coat, tea-towel, oven gloves, blanket
- because they are all made out of fabric
What is meant by semantics?
Relating to meaning in language of logic
What is meant by under-extension?
The use of a word in a limited way which does not recognise its full meaning
What is an example of under-extension?
When a child will only use the word in a limited way which does not recognise its full meaning
When will a mismatch occur in semantic development?
When the connection between the label and the object being identified is unclear
What does mismatch mean?
When a label is applied to an object without a clear link
What is an example of a mismatch in a child’s semantic development?
Might see a pencil and say ‘shopping’
- the connection between the activity remaining quite tenuous but perhaps linked because the caregiver always takes a pencil and a shopping list to the supermarket
