Phonological development Flashcards
What stage does phonological development occur in?
Post-telegraphic stage
What are the key points of phonological development?
- 1st year will develop control of the muscles vital to producing clear and varied speech
- In speech vowel sounds require no obstruction of air flow to create sound
- Consonants require some brief interruption to the airflow by articulators in order to create the required sound
What are dipthongs?
A sound formed by the combination of 2 vowels in a single syllable, in which the sound begins as one vowel and moves towards another
What are monophthongs?
A vowel that has a single perceived auditory quality
What are articulators?
The vocal organs placed above the larynx including the lips, teeth, tongue and hard palate that help for consonant sounds
What lends complexity to the process of phonological development?
The variety of ways in which different sounds can be made
What are the 6 manners of articulation?
1) Plosives
2) Nasals
3) Fricatives
4) Affricates
5) Approximants
6) Laterals
What are plosives?
p,b,t,k,g
- when two articulators touch each other
- the upper and lower lip held together in the production of sound
- air pressure is built up and released in a burst
What are nasals?
m,n,ng
- two articulators are touching but air is released through the nose
What are fricatives?
f,v,s,z,sh
- these involve near contact of the articulators
- air is pushed out through a small space
What are affricates?
ch,dj
- begin as plosive and end as fricative
What are approximants?
r,j,w
- produced without articulators making contact
What are laterals?
l
- produced by articulators making contact and air flowing down the sides of the tongue
Which are acquired first between vowels and consonants?
Vowels
What are the most common consonant sounds for young children acquiring English?
b,d,m,n,h
What have children acquired by the age of 2 and a half?
All of the vowels and 2/3 of the consonants
What stage are the children at by the age of 4?
Only a few consonants are causing a problem
By 6 or 7 years what is the child confident in?
The use if both vowels and consonants
Initial consonants
Much easier to master than the final ones
How are consonants categorised according to what type of sounds they create?
Voice or unvoiced
Voiced
Creation of sound vibrates the vocal chords
Unvoiced
The vocal chord is not vibrated
What are the 5 common issues in phonological development?
1) Weak syllable deletion
2) Consonant deletion
3) Consonant cluster reduction
4) Assimilation
5) Substitution
What is weak syllable deletion?
A less prominent sound within a word is not articulated
- nana instead of banana
What is consonant deletion?
Either at the beginning or the end of a word
- Bi instead of big
- Oast instead of toast
What is consonant cluster reduction?
When several consonants appear together, the child will just pronounce one of these to reduce the physical demand of articulating all of them
- liptick instead of lipstick
- pace instead of space
What is assimilation?
A sound within a word becomes more like a similar sound within the word
- babbit instead of rabbit
What is substitution?
One sound is swapped for another that is easier to pronounce
- wock instead of rock
Who discovered the Fis phenomenon?
Jean Berko Gleason and Roger Brown
What is the Fis phenomenon?
Described how a child referred to his plastic fish as fis, when the observer responded ‘is this your fis?’ the child say ‘no-my fis’
- he continued to reject the adults mimicry of his speech
until he was told ‘is this your fish’ to which he responded ‘yes, my fis’
What does the Fis phenomenon suggest?
The importance of the caregiver saying grammatically correct words and phrases and recasting a child’s virtuous errors
Key points for politeness and pragmatics
1- as a child’s language develops they will talk more and the caregiver input will decrease
2- many normal politeness principles seem redundant when in discussion with a 3 year old
3- all cultures have different notions of politeness and the behaviour/expressions expected of children
4- great variation in relation to particular maxims for conversation according to the culture in which the child is developing
What were Grice’s 4 conversational maxims?
Discourse development
1) Quality- tell the truth
2) Quantity- don’t say too much or too little
3) Relevance- make sure utterances are relevant to the conversation
4) Manner- be brief and straightforward
Why may children flout these maxims?
Although they may use formulaic politeness expressions they have been taught, adherence to these maxims might be more variable
- when they are playing there will be little relativity
- no understanding of interruptions
- do not intend to be rude
What did LEECH say the politeness principle drew attention to?
The need for tact, generosity, approbation (approval or praise), modest, agreement, sympathy
Why do politeness principles appear just as arbitrary as Grice’s maxims?
If a child finds someone’s appearance or behaviour different from what they are used to
- ask a question pertaining to this
- rather than tactfully ignoring it as an adult might do
Characteristics of adult/child interactions
What did Coulthard and Sinclair develop a model for?
analysing discourse
- looked at secondary English classrooms
- see the structure of interactions
Coulthard and Sinclair
What was the 3 part structure identified in classrooms?
Initiation- Q may be asked
Response- Q is answered
Feedback- some response or evaluation is offered about the response
What can the IRF structure be applied to?
The examination of interactions between caregivers and children
I- What are you making with that playdough
R- It is a mermaid
F- A mermaid? That’s great, I love its tail
Sinclair and Coulthard
What are adjacency pairs?
A simple structure of 2 turns
Sinclair and Coulthard
What do they say about adjacency pairs?
A large number of adjacency pairs with questions and answers are also prevalent in conversations between caretakers and children
These are usually led by the caregiver
- to encourage language development
