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English P1 - Child Language Acquisition > Phonological development > Flashcards

Phonological development Flashcards

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1
Q

What stage does phonological development occur in?

A

Post-telegraphic stage

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2
Q

What are the key points of phonological development?

A
  • 1st year will develop control of the muscles vital to producing clear and varied speech
  • In speech vowel sounds require no obstruction of air flow to create sound
  • Consonants require some brief interruption to the airflow by articulators in order to create the required sound
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3
Q

What are dipthongs?

A

A sound formed by the combination of 2 vowels in a single syllable, in which the sound begins as one vowel and moves towards another

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4
Q

What are monophthongs?

A

A vowel that has a single perceived auditory quality

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5
Q

What are articulators?

A

The vocal organs placed above the larynx including the lips, teeth, tongue and hard palate that help for consonant sounds

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6
Q

What lends complexity to the process of phonological development?

A

The variety of ways in which different sounds can be made

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7
Q

What are the 6 manners of articulation?

A

1) Plosives
2) Nasals
3) Fricatives
4) Affricates
5) Approximants
6) Laterals

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8
Q

What are plosives?

A

p,b,t,k,g
- when two articulators touch each other
- the upper and lower lip held together in the production of sound
- air pressure is built up and released in a burst

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9
Q

What are nasals?

A

m,n,ng
- two articulators are touching but air is released through the nose

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10
Q

What are fricatives?

A

f,v,s,z,sh
- these involve near contact of the articulators
- air is pushed out through a small space

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11
Q

What are affricates?

A

ch,dj
- begin as plosive and end as fricative

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12
Q

What are approximants?

A

r,j,w
- produced without articulators making contact

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13
Q

What are laterals?

A

l
- produced by articulators making contact and air flowing down the sides of the tongue

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14
Q

Which are acquired first between vowels and consonants?

A

Vowels

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15
Q

What are the most common consonant sounds for young children acquiring English?

A

b,d,m,n,h

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16
Q

What have children acquired by the age of 2 and a half?

A

All of the vowels and 2/3 of the consonants

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17
Q

What stage are the children at by the age of 4?

A

Only a few consonants are causing a problem

18
Q

By 6 or 7 years what is the child confident in?

A

The use if both vowels and consonants

19
Q

Initial consonants

A

Much easier to master than the final ones

20
Q

How are consonants categorised according to what type of sounds they create?

A

Voice or unvoiced

21
Q

Voiced

A

Creation of sound vibrates the vocal chords

22
Q

Unvoiced

A

The vocal chord is not vibrated

23
Q

What are the 5 common issues in phonological development?

A

1) Weak syllable deletion
2) Consonant deletion
3) Consonant cluster reduction
4) Assimilation
5) Substitution

24
Q

What is weak syllable deletion?

A

A less prominent sound within a word is not articulated
- nana instead of banana

25
Q

What is consonant deletion?

A

Either at the beginning or the end of a word
- Bi instead of big
- Oast instead of toast

26
Q

What is consonant cluster reduction?

A

When several consonants appear together, the child will just pronounce one of these to reduce the physical demand of articulating all of them
- liptick instead of lipstick
- pace instead of space

27
Q

What is assimilation?

A

A sound within a word becomes more like a similar sound within the word
- babbit instead of rabbit

28
Q

What is substitution?

A

One sound is swapped for another that is easier to pronounce
- wock instead of rock

29
Q

Who discovered the Fis phenomenon?

A

Jean Berko Gleason and Roger Brown

30
Q

What is the Fis phenomenon?

A

Described how a child referred to his plastic fish as fis, when the observer responded ‘is this your fis?’ the child say ‘no-my fis’
- he continued to reject the adults mimicry of his speech
until he was told ‘is this your fish’ to which he responded ‘yes, my fis’

31
Q

What does the Fis phenomenon suggest?

A

The importance of the caregiver saying grammatically correct words and phrases and recasting a child’s virtuous errors

32
Q

Key points for politeness and pragmatics

A

1- as a child’s language develops they will talk more and the caregiver input will decrease
2- many normal politeness principles seem redundant when in discussion with a 3 year old
3- all cultures have different notions of politeness and the behaviour/expressions expected of children
4- great variation in relation to particular maxims for conversation according to the culture in which the child is developing

33
Q

What were Grice’s 4 conversational maxims?
Discourse development

A

1) Quality- tell the truth
2) Quantity- don’t say too much or too little
3) Relevance- make sure utterances are relevant to the conversation
4) Manner- be brief and straightforward

34
Q

Why may children flout these maxims?

A

Although they may use formulaic politeness expressions they have been taught, adherence to these maxims might be more variable
- when they are playing there will be little relativity
- no understanding of interruptions
- do not intend to be rude

35
Q

What did LEECH say the politeness principle drew attention to?

A

The need for tact, generosity, approbation (approval or praise), modest, agreement, sympathy

36
Q

Why do politeness principles appear just as arbitrary as Grice’s maxims?

A

If a child finds someone’s appearance or behaviour different from what they are used to
- ask a question pertaining to this
- rather than tactfully ignoring it as an adult might do

37
Q

Characteristics of adult/child interactions
What did Coulthard and Sinclair develop a model for?

A

analysing discourse
- looked at secondary English classrooms
- see the structure of interactions

38
Q

Coulthard and Sinclair
What was the 3 part structure identified in classrooms?

A

Initiation- Q may be asked
Response- Q is answered
Feedback- some response or evaluation is offered about the response

39
Q

What can the IRF structure be applied to?

A

The examination of interactions between caregivers and children
I- What are you making with that playdough
R- It is a mermaid
F- A mermaid? That’s great, I love its tail

40
Q

Sinclair and Coulthard
What are adjacency pairs?

A

A simple structure of 2 turns

41
Q

Sinclair and Coulthard
What do they say about adjacency pairs?

A

A large number of adjacency pairs with questions and answers are also prevalent in conversations between caretakers and children
These are usually led by the caregiver
- to encourage language development

English P1 - Child Language Acquisition (8 decks)

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