the stuffy nose Flashcards
what are the core nasal symptoms?
Stuffy
Smell
Snot
Sore
what are the steps in treating allergic rhinitis?
- antihistamines
- topical steroids
- topical steroids and antihistamines
how are nasal polyps treated?
oral steroids
topical steroids
surgery
what are the symptoms of acute infective rhinosinusitis?
discharge
nasal blockage
facial pain
how is acute infective rhinosinusitis treated
analgesics and decongestants
if persisting/worsening then add an abx
what can unilateral discharge indicate?
child- foreign body
adult- nasal or paranasal tumour
what is a complication of acute sinusitis?
orbital cellulitis
EMERGENCY REFERRAL
what are some causes of facial pain?
TMJ dysfunction
Tension headache
Migraine
Midfacial segment pain
Cluster headache
Chronic rhinosinusitis
is significant adenotonsillar disease in kinds U2 normal?
no
what is waldeyer’s ring?
Ring of lymphoid aggregation in the subepithelial layer of oropharynx and nasopharynx
what is waldeyer’s ring comprised of?
Tonsils (Palatine Tonsil)
Adenoids (Pharyngeal Tonsil)
Lingual Tonsil
what are the histological features of tonsils?
Specialized squamous
Deep crypts
Lymphoid follicles
Posterior capsule
what are the histological features of adenoids?
Ciliated pseudostratified columnar
Stratified squamous
Transitional
Deep folds
what are some common diseases of the tonsils and adenoids?
Acute tonsillitis
Recurrent/chronic adenoiditis/tonsillitis
Obstructive hyperplasia
Malignancy
Tonsil crypt debris / tonsiliths
(Otitis Media with effusion)
what are the viral symptoms of tonsillitis?
Malaise
Sore throat, mild analgesia requirement
Temperature
Able to undertake near normal activity
Possible lymphadenopathy
Lasts 3-4 days
what are the bacterial symptoms of tonsillitis?
Systemic upset,
Fever
Odynophagia
Halitosis
Unable to work / school
Lymphadenopathy
Lasts ~1 week, requires antibiotics to settle
what is a peritonsillar abscess?
Complication of Acute tonsillitis
Bacteria between muscle and tonsil produce pus
what are the signs of a peritonsillar abscess?
Unilateral throat pain and odynophagia
Trismus
3-7 days of preceding acute tonsillitis
how is a peritonsillar abscess treated?
aspiration and abx
what are signs of large adenoids?
Obligate mouth breathing
Hyponasal voice
Snoring and other signs of sleep disturbance
AOM / OME
what are some signs of large tonsils?
Snoring and other symptoms of sleep disturbance
Muffled voice
?Dysphagia
what are some causes of unilateral tonsillar enlargement?
Non-neoplastic:
Acute infective
Chronic infective
Hypertrophy
Congenital
Neoplastic
what is the definition of glue ear?
Inflammation of the middle ear accompanied by accumulation of fluid without the symptoms and signs of acute inflammation
what increases the likelihood of having OME?
Day care
Older siblings
Smoking household
Recurrent URTI
