the stuffy nose

Question 1

what are the core nasal symptoms?

Answer 1

Stuffy
Smell
Snot
Sore

Question 2

what are the steps in treating allergic rhinitis?

Answer 2

1. antihistamines
2. topical steroids
3. topical steroids and antihistamines

Question 3

how are nasal polyps treated?

Answer 3

oral steroids
topical steroids
surgery

Question 4

what are the symptoms of acute infective rhinosinusitis?

Answer 4

discharge
nasal blockage
facial pain

Question 5

how is acute infective rhinosinusitis treated

Answer 5

analgesics and decongestants
if persisting/worsening then add an abx

Question 6

what can unilateral discharge indicate?

Answer 6

child- foreign body
adult- nasal or paranasal tumour

Question 7

what is a complication of acute sinusitis?

Answer 7

orbital cellulitis
EMERGENCY REFERRAL

Question 8

what are some causes of facial pain?

Answer 8

TMJ dysfunction
Tension headache
Migraine
Midfacial segment pain
Cluster headache
Chronic rhinosinusitis

Question 9

is significant adenotonsillar disease in kinds U2 normal?

Answer 9

no

Question 10

what is waldeyer’s ring?

Answer 10

Ring of lymphoid aggregation in the subepithelial layer of oropharynx and nasopharynx

Question 11

what is waldeyer’s ring comprised of?

Answer 11

Tonsils (Palatine Tonsil)
Adenoids (Pharyngeal Tonsil)
Lingual Tonsil

Question 12

what are the histological features of tonsils?

Answer 12

Specialized squamous
Deep crypts
Lymphoid follicles
Posterior capsule

Question 13

what are the histological features of adenoids?

Answer 13

Ciliated pseudostratified columnar
Stratified squamous
Transitional
Deep folds

Question 14

what are some common diseases of the tonsils and adenoids?

Answer 14

Acute tonsillitis
Recurrent/chronic adenoiditis/tonsillitis
Obstructive hyperplasia
Malignancy
Tonsil crypt debris / tonsiliths
(Otitis Media with effusion)

Question 15

what are the viral symptoms of tonsillitis?

Answer 15

Malaise
Sore throat, mild analgesia requirement
Temperature
Able to undertake near normal activity
Possible lymphadenopathy
Lasts 3-4 days

Question 16

what are the bacterial symptoms of tonsillitis?

Answer 16

Systemic upset,
Fever
Odynophagia
Halitosis
Unable to work / school
Lymphadenopathy
Lasts ~1 week, requires antibiotics to settle

Question 17

what is a peritonsillar abscess?

Answer 17

Complication of Acute tonsillitis
Bacteria between muscle and tonsil produce pus

Question 18

what are the signs of a peritonsillar abscess?

Answer 18

Unilateral throat pain and odynophagia
Trismus
3-7 days of preceding acute tonsillitis

Question 19

how is a peritonsillar abscess treated?

Answer 19

aspiration and abx

Question 20

what are signs of large adenoids?

Answer 20

Obligate mouth breathing
Hyponasal voice
Snoring and other signs of sleep disturbance
AOM / OME

Question 21

what are some signs of large tonsils?

Answer 21

Snoring and other symptoms of sleep disturbance
Muffled voice
?Dysphagia

Question 22

what are some causes of unilateral tonsillar enlargement?

Answer 22

Non-neoplastic:
Acute infective
Chronic infective
Hypertrophy
Congenital
Neoplastic

Question 23

what is the definition of glue ear?

Answer 23

Inflammation of the middle ear accompanied by accumulation of fluid without the symptoms and signs of acute inflammation

Question 24

what increases the likelihood of having OME?

Answer 24

Day care
Older siblings
Smoking household
Recurrent URTI