Anatomy Flashcards
what forms the nasal septum?
superior component- perpendicular plate of the ethmoid
posterior/inferior component- vomer
anterior component- septal cartilage
what are the foramen of the nasal cavity?
anterior and posterior ethmoidal foramen
sphenopalatine foramen (sometimes appears as a fissure)
incisive foramen
from what area does epistaxis occur?
keisselbachs plexus
(little’s area)
which arteries are found in little’s area?
anterior ethmoidal
posterior ethmoidal
sphenopalatine artery
greater palatine artery
septal branch of superior labial artery
where does the ophthalamic artery branch from?
internal carotid artery
what type of epithelium is the nasal vestibule?
stratified squamous epithelium (keratinised to non-keratinised)
what type of epithelium is the nasal cavity?
inferior-posterior: olfactory epithelium
superioposterior- respiratory epithelium
what is the olfactory pathway?
- receptor cells in the olfactory epithelium
- pass up through cribiform plate
- synapse with olfactoey bulb (ganglia)
- neurons then pass along olfactory tract
- to temporal lobe and olfactory areas
what are the features of the facial nerve?
parasympathetic secretomotor supply
special sensation (taste)
somatic motor
general sensory
where is the pterygopalatine ganglion located?
the pterygopalatine fossa
what kind of nerve are V1 and V2 of CN7?
general sensory only
what kind of nerve is responsible for dry eyes, mouth and mucosa?
parasympathetic secretomotor supply
what kind of nerve is responsible for a lack of taste on the anterior 2/3 of tongue?
special sensation (taste)
what kind of nerve is responsible for facial paralysis?
somatic motor
what is the function of the external ear (pinna)
collects soundwaves and funnels them into the external acoustic meatus
what nerves innervate the auditorial canal?
CN v3 (mandibular division of the trigeminal nerve) and the auriculotemporal nerve
which nerves innervate the helix?
lesser occipital nerve
greater auricular nerve
which nerve innervates the inferior parts of EAM and tympanic membrane?
vagus nerve
what is the main function of the middle ear?
conduct soundwaves in the ear towards the fluid filled cavities of the inner ear
ossicles increase in size lateral to medial- true or false?
False- decrease in size
what is the function of ossicles?
amplification
what are the features of the tensor tympani muscle?
runs from cartilaginous portion of the eustachian tube to the handle of malleus
dampens sound by reducing vibrations of tympanic membrane
innervated by CN v3
what are the features of the stapedius?
runs of pyramidal eminence to the neck of stapes
dampens sound by reducing vibrations of stapes on oval window
innervated by CN 7
what is pressure in the middle ear usually equal to?
surrounding air pressure
what do palate muscles do?
open eustachian tubes to equalise pressure
what nerve conveys general sensation of the tympanic cavity?
CN9 via the tympanic plexus
what can mastoiditis cause?
osteomylitis
where is the mastoid antrum located?
continuous with the tympanic cavity and lined with mucosa
what are the features of the otic capsule?
located in the temporal bone
bone is denser than the rest of the temporal bone
fully developed at birth
where are hair cells located and what do they do?
located in the cochlear apparatus in the organ of corti
detect auditory stimuli
where does conductive hearing loss happen?
external ear
middle ear
where does sensorineural hearing loss occur?
inner ear
what detects angular movement change?
semi-circular duct
what detects linear movement changes?
utricle (horizontal)
saccule (verticle)
in what planes are the 3 semicircular canals orientated?
anterior- sagittal
posterior- coronal
lateral- axial
what is the role of the chorda tympani?
translates the taste from the anterior 2/3 of the tongue back to the facial nerve
what is the course of the glossopharyngeal nerve?
leaves CNS at the upper medulla oblongata
passes through jugular foramen
enters the parapharyngeal space and lays on the stylopharyngeus muscle
which nerve gives somatic motor supply to the stylopharyngeus?
glosspharyngeal
what is the parasympathetic pathway of the glossopharyngeal nerve?
preganglionic axon-passes through the middle ear and middle cranial fossa to exit the foramen ovale
then goes to the otic ganglion (just inferior to the foramen ovale)
then to the post ganglionic axon- joins auricotemporal nerve (CN V3) which courses close the parotid gland
which nerve supplies the posterior 1/3 of the tongue?
glossopharyngeal
what is the function of the larynx?
respiratory- Facilitate passage of air
between the atmosphere
and lungs
protective- Reduce the potential from
aspiration of items into
the airway
phonation- Generate vibrations in air
to aid communication
what does contraction of the posterior cricoarytenoid cause?
lateral rotation at cricoarytenoid joint
(Widens rima glottidis)