Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM


Top Flashcards (Certified)
All Flashcards

ENT > Anatomy > Flashcards

Anatomy Flashcards

1
Q

what forms the nasal septum?

A

superior component- perpendicular plate of the ethmoid
posterior/inferior component- vomer
anterior component- septal cartilage

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

what are the foramen of the nasal cavity?

A

anterior and posterior ethmoidal foramen
sphenopalatine foramen (sometimes appears as a fissure)
incisive foramen

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

from what area does epistaxis occur?

A

keisselbachs plexus
(little’s area)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

which arteries are found in little’s area?

A

anterior ethmoidal
posterior ethmoidal
sphenopalatine artery
greater palatine artery
septal branch of superior labial artery

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

where does the ophthalamic artery branch from?

A

internal carotid artery

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

what type of epithelium is the nasal vestibule?

A

stratified squamous epithelium (keratinised to non-keratinised)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

what type of epithelium is the nasal cavity?

A

inferior-posterior: olfactory epithelium
superioposterior- respiratory epithelium

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

what is the olfactory pathway?

A
  1. receptor cells in the olfactory epithelium
  2. pass up through cribiform plate
  3. synapse with olfactoey bulb (ganglia)
  4. neurons then pass along olfactory tract
  5. to temporal lobe and olfactory areas
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

what are the features of the facial nerve?

A

parasympathetic secretomotor supply
special sensation (taste)
somatic motor
general sensory

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

where is the pterygopalatine ganglion located?

A

the pterygopalatine fossa

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

what kind of nerve are V1 and V2 of CN7?

A

general sensory only

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

what kind of nerve is responsible for dry eyes, mouth and mucosa?

A

parasympathetic secretomotor supply

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

what kind of nerve is responsible for a lack of taste on the anterior 2/3 of tongue?

A

special sensation (taste)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

what kind of nerve is responsible for facial paralysis?

A

somatic motor

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

what is the function of the external ear (pinna)

A

collects soundwaves and funnels them into the external acoustic meatus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

what nerves innervate the auditorial canal?

A

CN v3 (mandibular division of the trigeminal nerve) and the auriculotemporal nerve

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

which nerves innervate the helix?

A

lesser occipital nerve
greater auricular nerve

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

which nerve innervates the inferior parts of EAM and tympanic membrane?

A

vagus nerve

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

what is the main function of the middle ear?

A

conduct soundwaves in the ear towards the fluid filled cavities of the inner ear

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

ossicles increase in size lateral to medial- true or false?

A

False- decrease in size

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

what is the function of ossicles?

A

amplification

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

what are the features of the tensor tympani muscle?

A

runs from cartilaginous portion of the eustachian tube to the handle of malleus
dampens sound by reducing vibrations of tympanic membrane
innervated by CN v3

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

what are the features of the stapedius?

A

runs of pyramidal eminence to the neck of stapes
dampens sound by reducing vibrations of stapes on oval window
innervated by CN 7

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

what is pressure in the middle ear usually equal to?

A

surrounding air pressure

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
what do palate muscles do?
open eustachian tubes to equalise pressure
26
what nerve conveys general sensation of the tympanic cavity?
CN9 via the tympanic plexus
27
what can mastoiditis cause?
osteomylitis
28
where is the mastoid antrum located?
continuous with the tympanic cavity and lined with mucosa
29
what are the features of the otic capsule?
located in the temporal bone bone is denser than the rest of the temporal bone fully developed at birth
30
where are hair cells located and what do they do?
located in the cochlear apparatus in the organ of corti detect auditory stimuli
31
where does conductive hearing loss happen?
external ear middle ear
32
where does sensorineural hearing loss occur?
inner ear
33
what detects angular movement change?
semi-circular duct
34
what detects linear movement changes?
utricle (horizontal) saccule (verticle)
35
in what planes are the 3 semicircular canals orientated?
anterior- sagittal posterior- coronal lateral- axial
36
what is the role of the chorda tympani?
translates the taste from the anterior 2/3 of the tongue back to the facial nerve
37
what is the course of the glossopharyngeal nerve?
leaves CNS at the upper medulla oblongata passes through jugular foramen enters the parapharyngeal space and lays on the stylopharyngeus muscle
38
which nerve gives somatic motor supply to the stylopharyngeus?
glosspharyngeal
39
what is the parasympathetic pathway of the glossopharyngeal nerve?
preganglionic axon-passes through the middle ear and middle cranial fossa to exit the foramen ovale then goes to the otic ganglion (just inferior to the foramen ovale) then to the post ganglionic axon- joins auricotemporal nerve (CN V3) which courses close the parotid gland
40
which nerve supplies the posterior 1/3 of the tongue?
glossopharyngeal
41
what is the function of the larynx?
respiratory- Facilitate passage of air between the atmosphere and lungs protective- Reduce the potential from aspiration of items into the airway phonation- Generate vibrations in air to aid communication
42
what does contraction of the posterior cricoarytenoid cause?
lateral rotation at cricoarytenoid joint (Widens rima glottidis)
43
how is the protective function of the larynx achieved?
through glottic closure and cough reflex the lateral cricoarytenoid muscle firmly closes the rima glottidis
44
what is needed for phonatory function of the larynx?
inspiration controlled expiration phonation
45
what are the features of controlled expiration?
Contraction inspiratory muscles Helps build pressure in respiratory tree inferior to larynx (subglottal pressure). Pressure required depends on vocal task (whisper, normal speech, shouting)
46
what are the features of phonation?
Once subglottal pressure threshold is reached then air crosses vocal cords causing vibration Length/tension of vocal cords dictates pitch of sound produced by vibration of the cords Degree of opening and the shape of the rima glottidis also important
47
which type of muscle are intrinsic laryngeal?
skeletal (voluntary)
48
what is the impact of vocal cord movements?
Tension (Increase pitch) Relaxation (Decrease pitch) Adduction (Quieter) Abduction (Louder)
49
which nerve innervates all intrinsic muscles of the larynx?
inferior laryngeal branch of CN X
50
what muscles relax vocal ligament?
thyroarytenoid muscle
51
what muscles tense vocal ligaments?
cricothyroid muscles
52
what are the vocal features of thryoarytenoid muscles?
decreases pitch (lowering voice)
53
what are the attachments of the thyroarytenoid muscle?
posterior thyroid to anterior arytenoid cartilage
54
what are the vocal features of the cricothyroid muscles?
increases pitch (raises voice)
55
what are the attachments for the cricothyroid muscles?
anterolateral cricoid cartilage to the inferior horn of thyroid cartilage
56
which muscles control changes to the rima glottidis?
laryngeal muscles (relaxed) posterior crico-arytenoids (contracts-forced respiration) lateral crico-arytenoids (contract-whispering) arytenoids contract (assist lateral crico-arytenoids- phonation)
57
what is the innervation of the larynx?
mucosa above the vocal folds- internal laryngeal nerve mucosa below the vocal folds- inferior laryngeal nerve all intrinsic muscles apart from cricothyroid are supplied by inferior laryngeal nerve
58
what is the cough reflex?
involuntary protective mechanism sensory stimuli in the supraglottis is conveyed to the brain stem via the vagus nerve
59
what are the features of glottic closure?
done by the lateral cricoarytenoid and arytenoid
60
how does a cough happen?
build up of high air pressure due to contraction of the diaphragm muscles
61
how is the innervation of the pharynx tested?
ask patient to swallow water watch the larynx move up and down do they splutter?
62
how is innervation of the larynx tested?
hoarse voice?
63
what is dysphonia?
inability to produce an appropriate level of phonation
64
what are some causes of dysphonia?
neoplastic neuromuscular inflammatory and more
65
where do supraglottic tumours drain to?
superior deep cervical nodes
66
where do glottic tumours occur and drain to?
present on the cords 95% stay on the cords present with voice changes/airway obstruction
67
where do subglottic tumours drain to?
spread to pratracheal nodes present with voice/airway obstruction
68
how do oral sounds occur?
soft palate tenses (CN v3) and elevates (CN X) to close off entrance to nasal pharynx direct stream of air through oral cavity sound interupted by tongue (CN XII) and the teeth/lips (CN VII) to produce vowels and and consonants
69
how do nasal sounds occur?
soft palate tenses (CN v3) and descends (CN X) to close off entrance to oral pharynx direct stream of air through nasal cavity produces one of 3 sounds (" m " "n" or "ing" ) depending on position of tongue (CN XII), teeth and lips (CN VII)
70
what are the 3 phases of swallowing?
oral phase (voluntary) pharyngeal phase (involuntary) oesophageal phase (involuntary)
71
what is involved in the oral phase?
masticatory muscles (Cn v3) breakdown food and allow it to mix with saliva facial muscles (CN VII) creates - a labial seal (orbicularis otis) - tightens cheek (buccinator) intrinsic and extrinsic tongue muscles (CN VII) manipulate bolus and align it between dentition and push it against hard palate soft palate (CN X) depresses to create oropharyngeal seal and tongue ripples bolus posteriorly
72
what type of epithelium is the palatal rugae?
keratinised stratified squamous epithelium
73
what type of nerve is hypoglossal?
somatic motor
74
what muscles of the tongue does hypoglossal supply?
all muscles of the tongue that end in -glossus except palatoglossus
75
what is the route of the hypoglossus nerve?
extends down from the medulla passes through the hypoglossal canal descends close to the carotid sheath and then courses lateral to hyoglossus into the floor of the mouth
76
what is involved in the pharyngeal phase?
delivery of bolus to oropharynx initiates the involuntary pharyngeal phase critical phase that lasts <1 second (switch from air channel to food channel)
77
what is the pharyngeal phase facilitated by?
elevation of soft palate - seals off nasal pharynx from oropharynx posterior pressure from tongue - seals off laryngeal aditus with help from epiglottis hyolaryngeal elevation -protects airway -opens upper oesophageal sphincter pharyngeal constrictor contraction
78
how does hyolaryngeal elevation occur?
hyoid bone is dragged superiorly and anteriorly by the suprahyoid and longitudinal pharyngeal muscles. this, coupled with posterior tongue pressure from the stylohyoid and hyoglossus forces the epiglottis inferior to the tongue and covers the laryngeal aditus
79
how long does the oesophageal phase last?
8-20 seconds
80
what are the features of the pharyngeal plexus?
innervates the muscles of the soft palate and pharynx (except tensor veli palatini) formed by CN IX and CN X
81
what is the gag reflex?
a protective reflex which prevents unwanted material from entering the GI or resp tracts
82
what are the features of the sensory component of the gag reflex?
activated when stimuli are presented to the posterior 1/3 of tongue, palatine tonsils or wall of oropharynx all innervated by CN IX afferent
83
what are the features of the motor component of the gag reflex?
close off nasopharynx and contraction of the pharyngeal muscles these muscles include - constrictors of pharynx (CN X) -longitudinal muscles of pharynx (CN IX and X) -tongue (CN XII) and soft palate (CN X and CN v3) efferent
84
what are the features of the motor component of the gag reflex?
close off nasopharynx and contraction of the pharyngeal muscles these muscles include - constrictors of pharynx (CN X) -longitudinal muscles of pharynx (CN IX and X) -tongue (CN XII) and soft palate (CN X and CN v3) efferent
85
which structure provides a pathway for infection to spread to the tympanic cavity
pharyngotympanic tube (eustachian tube)
86
what is the largest sinus in the face
maxillary sinus
87
which nerve supplies the internal tympanic membrane?
glossopharyngeal nerve
88
which nerve passes through the internal acoustic meatus?
facial nerve
89
which laryngeal muscle is involved in increasing pitch of voice?
cricothyroid muscles
90
which nerve controls general sensation at the anterior 2/3 of the tongue?
lingual nerve (CN V3) (mandibular division)
91
what does chorda tympani supply?
parasympathetics to salivary glands and taste to anterior 2/3 of the tongue
92
which nerve is responsible for referred otalgia from the orogpharynx
glossopharyngeal
93
which part of the ear does the stapes footplate sit on
oval window
94
which skull bone is the internal acoustic meatus located in?
temporal bone
95
which nerve innervates chorda tympani
trigeminal nerve (mandibular branch)
96
where does the nasolacriminal duct drain?
inferior meatus
97
which nerve moves the tongue?
hypoglossal nerve
98
how many branches in the neck does the internal carotid have?
0
99
which nerve supplies taste to the anterior 2/3 of the tongue?
facial nerve
100
name one of the bones that makes up the hard palate?
maxilla
101
which nerve passes through foramen ovale?
CN v3
102
which is the largest nasal concha?
inferior
103
which ossicle is attached to the tympanic membrane?
malleus
104
which nerve supplies the nose and throat?
glossopharyngeal
105
which muscle abducts the vocal cords?
posterior cricoarytenoid muscle

ENT (12 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2025 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions