the structure of eukaryoutic cells Flashcards
what is the function of the nucleus ?
Where DNA is concentrated and protected
-where transcription takes place
what is the function of the nucleolus?
mRNA, tRNA and rRNA production
what do you call the double membrane of the nucleus ?
nuclear envelope
what is the nucleoplasm ?
granular like jelly material which contains chromatin granules
what is the function of nuclear pores ?
allow entry of substances such as nucleotides for DNA replication and exit of molecules such as mRNA for protein synthesis
what is the function of the rough endoplasmic reticulum ?
carry out translation to synthesise ribosomes for protein synthesis
what does the rough endoplasmic reticulum consist of ?
consists of an interconnected system of flattened sacs
why is the endoplasmic reticulum ‘rough’?
because it has ribosomes on the cisternae
what is the function of the smooth endoplasmic reticulum ?
carbohydrate and lipid synthesis
what is the function of the golgibody ?
- responsible for packaging substances into cisternae
- transport and modify proteins
what is the function of mitochondria ?
aerobic respiration to generate ATP
what is inside the mitochondria ?
folds called cristae
- which increase the surface area for ATP synthase and aerobic respiration
what is the fluid centre in the mitochondria called ?
mitochondrial matrix
how much ATP is generated for 1 mole of glucose ?
36 ATP
what is the function of free ribosomes ?
protein synthesis via translation
what are ribosomes made off?
protein and rRNA 80’s
a large subunit and small sub unit
what is between the 2 sub units on a ribosome?
mRNA
what grows on the large sub unit of a ribosomes ?
a growing peptide chain
what is the function of chloroplasts ?
site of photosynthesis to convert solar energy to chemical energy
what is the function of an outer membrane in a chloroplast ?
isolation of photosynthetic reactions
what is the function of a thylakoid ?
provides large surface area for chlorophyll
what is the stroma full of ?
enzymes for photosynthesis
what is the function of a cellulose cell wall ?
provides mechanical structural support
what is the function of a permanent vacuole ?
stores sap which provides energy and ensures the cell stays turgid
what is the functions of lysosomes ?
digesting and recycling materials
what do lysosomes contain ?
lots of molecules of digestive enzymes
what is the function of the cell surface membrane/ plasma membrane ?
controls transport of substances and allows cell recognition and allows cell signaling
wat does the cell surface membrane consist of ?
phospholipid layers
what kind of vesicles pinch off from the cisternae of the gogibody ?
secretatary vesicles
what are some other functions of lysosomes other than digestion ?
- complete break down dead cells (autolysis )
- exocytosis - release enzymes to outside of cell to destroy material
- digest worn out organelles for reuse of materials
in fungi what is the cell wall made out of ?
chitin
- a nitrogen-containing polysaccharide
