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Development, Planning And The State > The State Ans Industrial Revolution > Flashcards

The State Ans Industrial Revolution Flashcards

1
Q

Land and property in a free market?

A

Bid rent
Land and property owned by the highest bidder
State may attempt to regulate these free market allocations

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2
Q

What wasn’t the state concerned with in 1780?

A

Little involvement in the environment
But some in:
-maintenance and provision of thoroughfares, drainage and building control
-smoke control

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3
Q

Role of the state in 1880?

A

Major intervention in public health

Little intervention in housing

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4
Q

Role of the state by 1980?

A

Major intervention in housing, the economy and land uses

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5
Q

What was the state concerned by in 1780?

A

Defence of the realm

Providing for the poor

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6
Q

The constitutes of the state in 1780?

A

The crown and parliament

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7
Q

When did parliament become the principal source of authority?

A

1688

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8
Q

Distinctions between local governments

A

Boroughs with corporations- eg Nottingham
Or
Townships, lordships, manors- eg Birmingham

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9
Q

Institutions ran by townships?

A

Manorial courts

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10
Q

Role of parishes?

A

Responsible for the surplus population and levying the poor rate

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11
Q

Example of when parliament gave power?

A

1601 poor law gave power to parishes to be responsible for individual poor law legislation

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12
Q

Example of individuals seeking private acts of parliament?

A

To improve streets- Birmingham

To provide a workhouse

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13
Q

Changes in society from 1789- 1850

A

Agrarian to industrial
Rural to urban
Feudal to capitalism
Superstition- reason

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14
Q

What factors were necessary for the economic change?

A

Capitalism
Development of a rural non-agricultural economy- domestic textile production
Growth of pre-industrial towns

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15
Q

Population of pre- industrial towns?

A

Less than 10% of the population

Included a merchant population, a dependent service population and a big surplus population (beggars)

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16
Q

Factors of pre-industrial towns?

A

Dependent on food from rural areas
High mortality rate- urban diseases
Death rates exceeded birth rates
However net growth due to continuous rural to urban migration

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17
Q

What was the industrial revolution dependent on?

A

Development of rural factories eg Cromford
Harnessing new technologies
Movement of factory industry to towns

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18
Q

Outcome of industrial revolution?

A

Provision of higher incomes
Increase of early marriage
Increase in population

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19
Q

Manchester grew with the absence of

A

The city grew a specific Warehouse district not district residential district

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20
Q

What factories did Manchester have

A

Two cotton mills

1817- 86 Steam powered spinning factories

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21
Q

How did the population of Manchester grow?

A 
Through migration from 
. Mostly Lancashire and Cheshire 
.Also Ireland 1/3 of the population increase 1841-51 was Irish 
High birth rate due to early marriages 
Despite high death rate
22
Q

How was Manchester’s population accommodated?

A

Lodgings
Subdivision of buildings
Subdivision of plots- land use intensification
These accommodations did not cause the urban area to expand

23
Q

What caused Manchester’s urban area to expand?

A 
Development of bourgeois suburbs & working class suburbs 
Back to back double rows
24
Q

What was the outcome of land use competition?

A

Working class must bid for land against the middle class

25
Q

Why were the middle class bidding for land?

A

For residential development at the fridge

Wanting to extend the warehouse district

26
Q

Consequences of Manchester’s development?

A

People living in cellars
Diseases- typhus and Cholera
High death rate- 33 per 1000 in 1840’s
Discontent due to lack of political representation led to political movements

27
Q

Example of political movement?

A

Peterloo massscre 1819

28
Q

Was Manchester typical?

A

Yes
It involved expansion of a pre-industrial core
In scale of population growth
In the way growth was accommodated

29
Q

What did we see between 1780-1851?

A

Emergence of:
an urban manufacturing economy
A major urban housing problem

30
Q

What did the urban manufacturing economy create?

A

Factory organisation

Urban proletariat

31
Q

What were the housing problems?

A

Concentration of population- inadequate infrastructure

Increase in per capita rent payments

32
Q

What group of entrepreneurs emerged?

A

Speculative builders

33
Q

What was the problem with building houses?

A

Would require a level of rent
Decent housing for workers was not built sufficiently
Land use was prioritised for commercial space and housing for rich

34
Q

Manchester population growth in comparison to housing rate growth?

A

47% to 15%

35
Q

In 1840 how many people in Manchester lived in cellars?

A

15,000

36
Q

How did reason change the state?

A

New police
New poor law -1834
New framework of municipal government

37
Q

Edwin Chadwick?

A

Fascinated by sewers
Persuaded Whig government to listen 1830-41
Assembled evidence
Produced conditions for 1848 Public health act

38
Q

Outcomes of intervention?

A

Local government reform
Sanitary reform
Housing reform
Town planning

39
Q

Public health problems?

A

Waterborne diseases killed 62,000 in 1848

40
Q

Local government reform

A

Whig government established a review of municipal government 1833

41
Q

Local government legislation?

A

1835 Municipal corporations act

  • reformed 178 existing corporations
  • allowed further boroughs- 62 created over the next 40 years
42
Q

Significance of local government reform?

A

Took action on public health
Eg in Liverpool and Manchester
Avoidance of avoidable diseases eg cholera

43
Q

Progress in public health

A

1838 poor law Commission takes 3 doctors to examine preventable disease

1842 Commission report on sanitary condition of labouring classes

44
Q

Public health act 1848?

A

New authorities termed as local boards of health and boroughs allowed to apply for status
Universal acceptance that local authorities should provide a drainage system
Gradual movement away from laissez faire

45
Q

1875 public health act?

A

Sanitary code for local administration

Model set of building bye laws

46
Q

Housing outcomes?

A

.Model towns eg Owens New Lanark
.Society for improving conditions of labouring classes 1844
.Improved industrial dwellings company 1863
.Peabody trust 1862

47
Q

Housing reform?

A

Torrens bill 1866
Compulsory powers for Acquisition and Clearance
Build replacement dwellings

48
Q

1868 Artisans and labourers dwelling act

A

Aimed to secure
Improvement by repair, reconstruction of replacement dwellings
Established principle that owner was responsible for condition

49
Q

Cross bill?

A

Cross was concerned with Areas of unfit housing
Aim to demolish and replace slums
Used model dwelling companies

50
Q

Difference between Cross and Torrens?

A

Cross was concerned with Areas, Torrens concerned with individual properties

51
Q

Problems with Cross bill?

A

Financially unworkable
Permissive
Houses had to be sold within 10 years
Few authorities exploited it- Glasgow and Birmingham did

52
Q

1890 housing and working classes act?

A

Gave local authorities right to erect dwellings

Development, Planning And The State (11 decks)

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