The State Ans Industrial Revolution Flashcards by Grace Francis

Land and property in a free market?

Bid rent
Land and property owned by the highest bidder
State may attempt to regulate these free market allocations

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What wasn’t the state concerned with in 1780?

Little involvement in the environment
But some in:
-maintenance and provision of thoroughfares, drainage and building control
-smoke control

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Role of the state in 1880?

Major intervention in public health

Little intervention in housing

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Role of the state by 1980?

Major intervention in housing, the economy and land uses

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What was the state concerned by in 1780?

Defence of the realm

Providing for the poor

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The constitutes of the state in 1780?

The crown and parliament

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When did parliament become the principal source of authority?

1688

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Distinctions between local governments

Boroughs with corporations- eg Nottingham
Or
Townships, lordships, manors- eg Birmingham

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Institutions ran by townships?

Manorial courts

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Role of parishes?

Responsible for the surplus population and levying the poor rate

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Example of when parliament gave power?

1601 poor law gave power to parishes to be responsible for individual poor law legislation

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Example of individuals seeking private acts of parliament?

To improve streets- Birmingham

To provide a workhouse

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Changes in society from 1789- 1850

Agrarian to industrial
Rural to urban
Feudal to capitalism
Superstition- reason

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What factors were necessary for the economic change?

Capitalism
Development of a rural non-agricultural economy- domestic textile production
Growth of pre-industrial towns

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Population of pre- industrial towns?

Less than 10% of the population

Included a merchant population, a dependent service population and a big surplus population (beggars)

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Factors of pre-industrial towns?

Dependent on food from rural areas
High mortality rate- urban diseases
Death rates exceeded birth rates
However net growth due to continuous rural to urban migration

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What was the industrial revolution dependent on?

Development of rural factories eg Cromford
Harnessing new technologies
Movement of factory industry to towns

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Outcome of industrial revolution?

Provision of higher incomes
Increase of early marriage
Increase in population

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Manchester grew with the absence of

The city grew a specific Warehouse district not district residential district

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What factories did Manchester have

Two cotton mills

1817- 86 Steam powered spinning factories

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How did the population of Manchester grow?

Through migration from 
. Mostly Lancashire and Cheshire 
.Also Ireland 1/3 of the population increase 1841-51 was Irish 
High birth rate due to early marriages 
Despite high death rate

How was Manchester’s population accommodated?

Lodgings
Subdivision of buildings
Subdivision of plots- land use intensification
These accommodations did not cause the urban area to expand

What caused Manchester’s urban area to expand?

Development of bourgeois suburbs &amp; working class suburbs 
Back to back double rows

What was the outcome of land use competition?

Working class must bid for land against the middle class

Why were the middle class bidding for land?

For residential development at the fridge | Wanting to extend the warehouse district

Consequences of Manchester’s development?

People living in cellars Diseases- typhus and Cholera High death rate- 33 per 1000 in 1840’s Discontent due to lack of political representation led to political movements

Example of political movement?

Peterloo massscre 1819

Was Manchester typical?

Yes It involved expansion of a pre-industrial core In scale of population growth In the way growth was accommodated

What did we see between 1780-1851?

Emergence of: an urban manufacturing economy A major urban housing problem

What did the urban manufacturing economy create?

Factory organisation | Urban proletariat

What were the housing problems?

Concentration of population- inadequate infrastructure | Increase in per capita rent payments

What group of entrepreneurs emerged?

Speculative builders

What was the problem with building houses?

Would require a level of rent Decent housing for workers was not built sufficiently Land use was prioritised for commercial space and housing for rich

Manchester population growth in comparison to housing rate growth?

47% to 15%

In 1840 how many people in Manchester lived in cellars?

15,000

How did reason change the state?

New police New poor law -1834 New framework of municipal government

Edwin Chadwick?

Fascinated by sewers Persuaded Whig government to listen 1830-41 Assembled evidence Produced conditions for 1848 Public health act

Outcomes of intervention?

Local government reform Sanitary reform Housing reform Town planning

Public health problems?

Waterborne diseases killed 62,000 in 1848

Local government reform

Whig government established a review of municipal government 1833

Local government legislation?

1835 Municipal corporations act - reformed 178 existing corporations - allowed further boroughs- 62 created over the next 40 years

Significance of local government reform?

Took action on public health Eg in Liverpool and Manchester Avoidance of avoidable diseases eg cholera

Progress in public health

1838 poor law Commission takes 3 doctors to examine preventable disease 1842 Commission report on sanitary condition of labouring classes

Public health act 1848?

New authorities termed as local boards of health and boroughs allowed to apply for status Universal acceptance that local authorities should provide a drainage system Gradual movement away from laissez faire

1875 public health act?

Sanitary code for local administration | Model set of building bye laws

Housing outcomes?

.Model towns eg Owens New Lanark .Society for improving conditions of labouring classes 1844 .Improved industrial dwellings company 1863 .Peabody trust 1862

Housing reform?

Torrens bill 1866 Compulsory powers for Acquisition and Clearance Build replacement dwellings

1868 Artisans and labourers dwelling act

Aimed to secure Improvement by repair, reconstruction of replacement dwellings Established principle that owner was responsible for condition

Cross bill?

Cross was concerned with Areas of unfit housing Aim to demolish and replace slums Used model dwelling companies

Difference between Cross and Torrens?

Cross was concerned with Areas, Torrens concerned with individual properties

Problems with Cross bill?

Financially unworkable Permissive Houses had to be sold within 10 years Few authorities exploited it- Glasgow and Birmingham did

1890 housing and working classes act?

Gave local authorities right to erect dwellings