Creeping Intervention Flashcards
Problem of population growth in Victorian cities?
The cities physical growth did now grow as quickly
Key factors of public health problems?
Intense concentrations of people
Lack of decent accommodation
Garden city movement?
Combines land market intervention and application design principles to the physical environment
Rests on Utopianism, a strong labour movement, social harmony
Comparing bye law to garden layouts?
Bye law housing 20-50 dwellings to the acre
Garden layouts 8-10
Exemplary development
Bournville
Cadbury’s chocolate manufacturers 1888
Rents within reach for better off workers- 8 acre
When could decent workers housing be built?
Cheap land at the urban fringe
What are the two aspects of land rent
Allocative- bid rent
Transfer- transfers wealth from the users of the land to the owners
Betterment theory
Fixed supply of land and demand is rising
Owners benefit but have contributed nothing
Henry George on land value taxation?
All expenditure could be financed by a single tax system based on the taxation of land values
In the later years of the 19th century
Interest in reforming the operation of the land market
Prospect of radical intervention
Land nationalisation society was founded
Pursued the aim of the gradual elimination of private property in land
Who was Ebenezer Howard
Member of the land nationalisation society
A Christian socialist
What kind of development did Ebenezer Howard favour?
Social city
Land is purchased at agricultural value
To allow the community to benefit from increases in land value
What was the first town planning legislation?
1909 Housing town planning act
Permissive
No powers for municipalities to buy land at urban fringe
Radical edge- 50% betterment levy
What prime minister intervened in working class housing?
Lloyd George
Homes fit for hero’s 1918
Massive expansion of working class housing
What did the 1919 housing and town planning act do?
Obliged local authorities to prepare surveys of housing need and strategies to meet it
Introduced subsidies for housing construction
Act made in 1924?
The Wealtley Act
Confirmed local authorities role as house builders
Who was responsible for the quality of working class housing?
Committee chaired by Sir John Tudor Walters
Considered housing standards
Advised by Raymond Unwin
What was the quality of working class housing?
Garden city standards
12 dwellings to the acre
Example of post WW1 local authority working class estate?
Kingstanding
Geographic pattern of unemployment?
1930-36 16.9% Nationally 7.8% South East 30% in Wales Above National in the north east, north west and Scotland
Effect of uneven development?
Suburbanisation of south east
Regional issue?
Decline of industrial regions and growth of London occurring side by side
Which government felt pressure and to do what?
1937 government felt pressure
Established the royal commission on the distribution of the industrial population
Considered disadvantages in these areas and reported what remedial measures should be taken
1937 concern over booming areas?
Traffic congestion
High site values- no parks
How did WW2 effect planning?
Shift in social attitude
Consensus that planning is practical and sensible- “Plan we must” Thomas Sharpe
How did WW2 effect politics?
Landslide labour victory in 1945
Legislation that followed
Documents the appeared under cover of WW2?
Barlow report
Uthwatt report 1942
Scott Repot 1944- white paper on the control of land use
Post war planning legislation?
1946 New Tows act
1947 Town and Country planning act
1947 act?
Implemented recommendations of the Uthwatt report
Produced a definition of development
What happened after the 1947 act?
Most development requires planning permission
Community would take 100% of development value
Local authorities determine land use- move away from land market
Post war welfare state?
Universal health Social service benefits Committed to full employment Social services- Children’s act 1948 Education act 1944- comprehensive education up to 15
Expansion of government?
Local government became a large part of the welfare state
Massive increase in education and housing spending
Massive increase in LA expenditure
Political consensus at the time?
Feeling that long boom would last forever
People saw public spending as beneficial
Crisis years?
70’s Doubts Keynesianism Arrival of stagflation Oil price hike 1972 IMF cut
