The Stalinist Dictatorship and Reaction 1941-64 Flashcards

Question

How did the war change artists freedoms and name some examples

Answer 1

* Artists enjoyed freedom in fostering an atmosphere of national-reconciliation and previously banned individuals were allowed to work again * Maria Yudina was flown into Leningrad during the 1943 siege performing live and on the radio Shostakovich's 'Leningrad' Symphony no.7 which was performed at the height of the siege on 9th August 1912

Answer 2

* Churches reopened and Russian Patriarch restored with clergy release fromp camps * Stalin encouraged attendance and services became patriotic gathetings * Priests blessed troops

Answer 3

* Taxes were increased for those with fewer than 2 children, restrictions on divorce tightened, aboriton forbidden, right to inherit family property re-established 1945 **women half of all soviet workers** and over **4/5th of land workers were female**

Answer 4

* over a million partisans by 1945 * Zoya Kosmodemyanskya made 'Hero of the Soviet Union' for refusing to betray her comrades Pictures of her tortured body became forceful propaganda

Answer 5

* Reputation soared to a national superhero * Deeply Paranoid * Vinidcated processes and endevaoured to keep doing them

Answer 6

* returning prisoners-of-war tainted by Western ideology transferring them to Soviet camps; NKVD interrogated in **funnel camps** * Collaborationist Soviet citizens + Coassakcs who had fought for Germany were wiped out

Answer 7

* Gained satellite states + military power and as a popular 'nationalist' gov. * To Stalin it vindicated direct coercive mobilisation + no desire to run the USSR any differently from the pre-war days * Himself **retained the two key posts** of Head of Government and the Party Secretary * Chose the **same men to service in his Politburo** in 1939: Vyascheslav Molotov, Kliment Voroshilov, Lazat Kaganovich, Anastas miyokan, Andrei Andreyev and Nikita Kruschev Last years of Stalin saw a return to the methods of the 1930s

Answer 8

* By end of the war, **25 million people had nothing but wooden huts to live in** * Acheivements of the 1930s had been destoryed

Answer 9

**20% allowed to return home** * Out of 5 million,**3 million sentenced to gulags**

Answer 10

* total count (27 million) was 80 times USA or Britain * Mortality rate for Russian soldiers was twice as bad

Answer 11

* Ussr had grown larger with the annexation of new territory within the next 4 years it was to establish a series of Soviet satellite States in Poland, Czechoslovakia, Hungary, Romania, Bulgaria and Eastern Germany * Participation in wartime summit meetings and it's possession of an atom bomb in 1949

Answer 12

* the military reputation was too high * Wartime institution such as the GKO was dissolved on 4th September 1945 * **Military heirachy downgraded** as Stalin personally took the role of Minister of Defence and high-ranking officers were moved into inferior posts e.g. Zukhov sent to military command in Odessa and lost position on Cnetral Committee

Answer 13

* Andreo Zhdanov became Stalin's closest adviosr by challenging the policy of Stalin's closest war time aide Georgi Malenkov with an invistigation condemnding Malenkov's actions * Further conflict occurred when Zhdanov supppoted the Berlin Blockade while Malenkov rgued for a more moderate path so Malenkov was reappointed and Zhdanov's supporters demoted

Answer 14

Stalin remained as Head of Government and Party. Despire election of new Politburo, Secretariat and Orgburo, Stalin relied increasinly on his private secretariat to bypass others and exert his direct authority

Answer 15

Party Congress meant to be very 3 years but **no meetings** **Central Committee only 6 full meetings** Politburo reduced to advisory board

Answer 16

* New members recruited from administrative ranks rather than peasants * The new men who came to dominate local politics were cautious and careful; they waited for offical policy and became faceless bureaucrats unwilling to act unless they were assured of the backing of higher authority * Stalin reduced Party Autonomy to reduce it to a mere chain of command

Answer 17

* Zhdanovshchina launched by Andre Zhdanov to launch a cultural purge in 1946 * Feared increased Westernisation so condemned as burgeois while Russian was supeior * Began with purge of satirist Mikhail Zoshchenko as the monkey was percieved to be anti Soviet

Answer 18

Anna Akhmatova's poetry described as 'poisonous' * Boris Pasternak was also condemned for 'apolitical poems' and his mistress sent to a gulag * Doestoevsky was removed from sale as its heroes lacked socialist qualities Dmitry Shostakovich accused of 'rootless cosmopolitanism'

Answer 19

Anti-Semitism flourished; nazi atoricities didn’t mention Jews and last Jewish newspaper were closed down Dec 1952: Stalin tells a meeting of the central committee that 'every Jew is a spy for the USA'

Answer 20

* Communist values also dominated the study of the sciences while Stalin's own theories were published and unchallenged; normal to start and end paper with Stalin's own thoughts e.g. Zhdanov restated his support for the theories of the condemned Lysenko

Answer 21

Feb 1947 a law assed outlawing hotels and marriages to foreigners; Restaurants were watched by police for soviet girls who met foreign men * Based on obsessive fear of ideological contamination * American Journalist Harrsion Salisbury said in 1949 no one would step near him who had talked to him just 5 years back

Answer 22

Terror not as great as 30s but tens of thousands were arrested annually and convicted of 'counter-revoloutionary' actvities

Answer 23

* Stalin dealt with those who fell out of favour by removing them from history * Existence was written out of history books using airburshing e.g. Great Soviet Encylopedia Books that didnt follow the State narrative of history like *A History of European Philosophy by G.F. Alexandrov* were banned

Answer 24

* 1949 took a stand against the independent 'Leningrad party' * On false evidence, leading officials such as Head of Gosplan and Voznesensky who also had a position in the Politburo

Answer 25

* 1949 took a stand against the independent 'Leningrad party' * On false evidence, leading officials such as Head of Gosplan and Voznesensky who also had a position in the Politburo

Answer 26

* Israel being pro-US made him revert to Anti-Semitic and said all Soviet jews were a fith column * Rienforced by arrival of Israeli ambassador to the USSR, Golda Meir in 1948 being cheered by Jews wherever she went * Director of the Jewish Theatre in Moscow, Solomon Mikhoels killed in a car accident arranged by the MVD * **Jewish wives of Politburo **members Molotov and Kalinin **arrested **

Answer 27

* 1951 purge launched in Georgia directed against the followers of Lavrenti Beria Purge remained unclear and was still in progress when Stalin died it seems that the 'Mingrelian Case' was to weaken the authority of Beria

Answer 28

* Stalin accussed jewish doctors of Zionist conspiracy in pay of USA to murder Zhdanoc * Stalin threatened his Minister of State Security, Nikolai Igantiev, with execution if he did not obtain confessions so he arrested and tortured hundreds of doctors * Thousands of Jews were deported to remote regions with new networks of Labour camps non-Jews feared to ener hospitals and shunned all Jewish professionals

Answer 29

* Stalin had a god-like status; made as the world's greatest genius in al subjects * Customary for first and last paragraph of any book to be devoted to Stalin's genius in a subject matter * 1948 biogrpahy of Stalin exalted him as the modern Lenin and leading Marxist theortician * On his 70th bday newspapers were given over to his priase and in Red Square in Moscow, a giant portrait of Stalin was suspended in the sky, illuminated by halo of searchlights * Towns vied to use Stalins name (Stalingrad,Stalinsk, Stalinabad, Stalinogorsk) * Stalin prizes created for artistic and scientific work

Answer 30

* Stalin was increasingly frail and spent his time watching films, drinking and made no attempt to apppoint a successor * Krushchev announced that the Orguburo was to be abolished and the Politburo replaced by an enlarged Presidum; hints at another purge

Answer 31

* In February 1946 in his Bolshoi Theatre speech, his first major speech of the postwar era Stalin dashed the hopes of a relaxing of legislation He announced that in view of the imperialist danger that continued to threaten Russia, the country would have to endure at least three or four more Five-Year plans. Talked of the inevitable war with capitalism

Answer 32

The percentages agreement meant he had significant influence

Answer 33

* In Poland installed the polish committee of national liberation Arrested 40,000 polish anti-communists 'Salami Tactics' to create 'octobers' in Hungary and Czechoslovakia

Answer 34

Size of presidium cut to 10 and of those 5 men formed the new collective leadership: * Malenkov * Beria * Molotov * Voroshilov * Khrushchev

Answer 35

part of the 5-man Defence Council during the war. 1946 became deputy Prime minister and full Presidium member. One of Stalin's favourite apparatchiki- Stalin liked to talk about old ties with him. Leaned towards reform and exercised a brief period of leadership after '53 but expelled from Presidium in '57 and Party in '61

Answer 36

Replaced Yezhov as head of NKVD, following his purge. An intelligent, ruthless opportunist man who's powers increased in the war years and he was rewarded with a position as deputy Preme Minister and Politburo member in 1946

Answer 37

Peasant Origins from Kolinov (teacher called it the poorest town ever). 1935 he was Secretary of the Moscow Regional Committee where he organised the Moscow underground. 1938-47, he was in Ukraine, assisting in the military opreation at Kursk. He entered the Politburo in 1939 and in 1947, and was chosen to supervise the agricultural production. He went on to become First Secretary of the Communist Party 1953-64

Answer 38

October: Presidium begins debate on succession

Answer 39

* March: Stalin dies; Malenkov takes leadership as Chariman of Council of Ministers and General Secretary of the Party, but a week later is replaced as General Secretary by Khrushchev and a collective leadership is established * June: Beria is arrested December: Beria is executed

Answer 40

1954 * Krushchev launches his Virgin Lands Scheme 1955 * Feb: Malenkov is replaced by Bulganin as Chairman of Council of Ministerrs 1957 * June: Anti-Party Group tries to oust Krushchev, but fails and is purged * Zhukov is dismissed 1958 March: Bulganin is forced to resign

Answer 41

* It was announced on 6 March 1953 that Malenkov would combine his roles of Secretary of the Party Central Committee and Chairmen of the Council of Ministers, but within a few days his rivalls had forced him to step down as Party Secretary This post was taken by Nikita Krushchev

Answer 42

Beria emerged as the leader who was most anxious to depart from Stalinist policies malenkov and other presidium members including Krushchev conspired against him and arranged Beria's arrest in '53 * Anti-Beria campaignedd was conducted in the press and was accussed of 'criminal anti-party and anti-State activities' to be tried and executed on 24th December 1953

Answer 43

* Malenkov, placed government>party, with Molotov's backing, to use his influence to launch a 'new course'; change collectivism, reduce peasant taxes and put more investment into consumer goods * Krushchev placed Party>government, offered a **less radical proposa**l for parallel development of heacy and light industry, portrayed as an agricultural expert to launch his Virgin Lands Scheme early in 1954; success helped give him support

Answer 44

* Bulganin; one of a number Khrushchev had been promoting * Acted as joint leaders until 1958

Answer 45

* Majority voted for his removal but Krushchev took the matter to the Central Committee, where he ensured those favourable to himsself were brought to Moscow * He also benefitted from the** support of Marshal Zukho**v who was now deputy Minister of Defence and brought Red Amry support; he spoke out against Malenkov, Molotov and their supporter Kaganovich who became known as the 'anti-Party' group were then expelled from the Central committee while Zukhov was rewarded with Presidium seats

Answer 46

Krushchev in Oct 1957 dismissed Zukhov and launched a porpoganda caampaign accussing of him creating a cult of personality

Answer 47

In 1958, Bulganin was accused of encouraging the anti-Party group and forced to step down as Krushchev took over as Premier; allowing him to have the top two jobs in Party and in Government

Answer 48

* Krushchev reversing Stlainist policies * Doctor's plot accussed were released * Beria + police + gulag system attack * a cultural 'thaw' appeared with a lightening of restriction on literature

Answer 49

* Most of the Presiidium welcomed a dismantling ot the Stalinist terror but many had been involved and didn't wished to be implicated * Thus Krushchev was persuaded to speak out against Stalin in a 'closed session'

Answer 50

* Khrushchev gave a blistering attack accusing him of responsibility for the purges and causing tremendous harm to the cause of socialist progress * he quoted Lenin's testament to illustrate Stalin's betrayal of Leninist principles (implied Malenkov and Molotov was his accomplicies) and blamed Stalin for the murder of Kirov * Speech met with resounding applause, copies were sent to foreign parties and filtered down the USSR Ranks, youngers demanded justice

Answer 51

* The speech paid little attention to the purging of ordinary soviet citizens and accepted economic controls, accepted economic controls, strong leadership, a single party and the elimination of factions as perfectly legitimate * This there was a good deal of continuity as there was no wish to incriminate those like Khrushchev who had benefitted from the Stalinist Community

Answer 52

* Under Stalin, both Party and state governmental instiutions had become more 'rubber-stamping organisations' dependent on Stalin With the leadership struggle they assumed renewed importance as centres for debate along with the police that competed for influence - though Beria's execution in '53 stopped this

Answer 53

1) Democratisation - this would involve weakening the traditional bureaucracy to give more responsibility to the people 2) Decentralisation - giving more intiative to localities

Answer 54

1) 1962: Party split into urban and rural sections at all levels 2) New rules issued e.g. limiting length of Party Officials 3) Membership was expanded: 7 million 1956 --> 11 million 1964 4) Role of the local soviets augmented and comrade courts to handle minor offences were revived 5) Non-Party members were encouraged to take supervisory roles and some were invited to Party congresses 6) Krushchev visited villages and towns 7) Economic decentralisation pursued

Answer 55

1) 1962: Party split into urban and rural sections at all levels 2) New rules issued e.g. limiting length of Party Officials 3) Membership was expanded: 7 million 1956 --> 11 million 1964 4) Role of the local soviets augmented and comrade courts to handle minor offences were revived 5) Non-Party members were encouraged to take supervisory roles and some were invited to Party congresses 6) Krushchev visited villages and towns 7) Economic decentralisation pursued

Answer 56

* Closing 60 Moscow ministries and giving greater economic control to 15 SR's * 1957: 105 Sovnarkhozy (regional councils) * Creating a Khrushchev patronage network across the country * Partially independent judicial system - revivial of comrade courts * Size of KGB reduced + brought directly under gov. control

Answer 57

* destroyed 70% of it's industrial capacity + ruined workforce

Answer 58

communist information bureau to establish Soviet control over eastern bloc

Answer 59

coordinate economic growth of countries inside the Soviet bloc

Answer 60

* Refusal of the Marshall Aid * Large defence spending, especially for the atom bomb * Lend Lease stopped

Answer 61

- Catch up with the US - Rebuild heavy industry and transport * Revive the Ukraine; 1/3 of expenditure was allocated here

Answer 62

- Extensive Reparations from East Germany - Maintenance of wartime controls on labour - long hours, low wages, high targets, female labour - Grand Projects- canals and HEP plants

Answer 63

- USSR became **2nd to the USA in industrial capacity** - National income was **61% higher in 1950 than before the war** - **Production doubles**, urban workforce increased from 67 to 77 million (1941-52) * By 1947, Dnieper Dam power station in action again * got nuclear bomb

Answer 64

- Continuation of development of heavy industry and transport but Post 1953 (Stalin's death) under Malenkov (new course) consumer goods, housing and services received stronger investment

Answer 65

- Resources diverted to rearmamnet during the Korean War (1950-3) After Stalin's death, Malenkov reduced expenditure of the military + heavy industry

Answer 66

- Most growth targets met - National income increased 71% Malenkov's changes met opposition resulting in his loss of leadership in 1955

Answer 67

- **Out of touch Ministers in Moscow** set different industrial targets for each enterprise - Too few administrators - Encouraged to just match targets, exceeding targets meant targets were raised the next year as managers preferred to 'play safe' - **Output targets assessed by weight** --> heavy goods preferred over light Inefficient allocation --> increasing amounts of investment needed

Answer 68

1) **Sixty Moscow ministries abolished** 2) USSR divided into **105 economic regions**, each with its own local economic council (sovnarkhoz)

Answer 69

* Reforms had ulterior motive; removed Malenkov's men in ministries and extended Krushchev's patronage network in the localities * Still needed degree of central planning

Answer 70

* emphasis on improving standards of living for ordinary people with a **40-hour week** and a **40% wage rise promised by 1965** - Expansion of chemicals industry e.g. plastics, fertilisers and artificial fibres # - Housing factories to produce prefabricated sections for new flats - Increased production of consumer goods - Greater exploitation of USSR's resources - natural gas, oil and coal - and building of power station s

Answer 71

Soviet technology and communications amazed the world at the Brussels World Fair in 1958:

Answer 72

- Air transport was expanded and the Aeroflot corporation was subsidised to offer long-distance passenger travel e.g. it was said a peasant could afford to buy an air ticket to travel 200 miles to Moscow to sell his produce and still make a profit - In 1959, icebreaker Lenin was launched, this was the world's first civil nuclear-powered ship

Answer 73

In 1957, the USSR launched the Earth's first artificial satellite (Sputnik), 1959 pictures of the dark side of the moon Russian space science made continuous advances; April 1961 Yuri Gagarin

Answer 74

* Given to local authority to plan specifics * Families could stay in apartment blocks about 16 square metres * Had running water, electricity, central heating sewage system * Neighborhoods were designed as self-sufficient subregions, each having its own school, hospital, and grocery stores, as well as a lot of green spaces and parks within walking distance

Answer 75

640 million square metres --> 1.2 billion square metres

Answer 76

Upon decentralisation: * Construction costs for apartments decreased by 25% * Employment in construction increased 4x * Buildings completed 2x faster than in the past`

Answer 77

more than in the previous 40 years, encouraged people to move until eventually more people lived in city

Answer 78

TV Sets x7 Refrigerators x11

Answer 79

* Decentralisation added another layer of patronage * Narrrowed gap w US but still massive * From 1958 growth slowed to 7% --> particularly consumer industry growth declined to 2% in 1964 * Cash registers used abacuses

Answer 80

* Scorched earth in the war meant only a third of farms were left operational * 1945 harvest, produced less than 60% of pre-war harvests and 1946 saw the worst drought experienced since 1891 * 2/3 of the agricultural labour force had gone, animals destroyeed and no machinery

Answer 81

- Force the kolkhozes to deliver agricultural products Revive the wheat fields of the Ukraine (1/3 of expenditure spent there)

Answer 82

- Massive state direction: high quotas for grain and livestock/low peasant wages - Higher taxes on private produce, and private land expanded in war absorbed back into kolkhozes - Tree plantations, canals, irrigation Ideas of Trofim Lysenko

Answer 83

- State **procured 70% of 1946 harvest** causing a million peasants to die of starvaion - Output of kolkhozez increased but not to 1930s levels - **Half of output came from private plots** * Lysenko inaccurate

Answer 84

Aims: Continuation of 4th five year plan's aims plus Krushchevs intiative to develop 'virgin lands' and build 'agrocities' from 1953

Answer 85

- High procurement levels maintained * Expansion of argument in formerly uncultivated areas

Answer 86

agricultural output on same level as 1926-29, produced 375 million tons less grain stock than had been produced in 1940 * 1952, soviet citizens consumed: - 3 times less meat, fish, sugar - Five times les fruit Than Americans, but 4x more potato

Answer 87

- Agricultural production still behind industry and not yet to the level of 1940 - Sheeps and goats; doubled from 1945-50 - Pigs; tripled in same period

Answer 88

· Criticised Stalin's unreliable statistics and practices; saying it was worse than Tsarist Russia · Khrushchev put investment and reform but handed implementation into hands of the **local Party organisations** · Ministry of Agriculture's powers were reduced so that it became little more than a consultative and advisory body

Answer 89

1) Increased price paid for state procurements of grain,**rose 25% between 1953-6** 2) State procurement+Private Plot **quotas were reduced** 3) **Taxes were reduced** 4) Peasants who did not possess animals were no longer required to deliver meat to the state 5) **Collectives allowed to set their own production targets and how they use their land** 6) Increase in the number of farms connected to electricity 8) 1962 campaign for the increased use of chemical fertiliser 9) Increase in the use of farm machinery from MTS 10) Encouragement to merge collectives to create larger farms; **number of collectives halved from 1950-60, while the number of state farms increased**

Answer 90

* increase production by cultivating grazing lands in western Siberia and northern Kazakhstan that had not been used * Komosomol helped this; by 1956 35.9 million hecatres of 'virgin land' had been ploughed for wheat; the total cultivated area of Canada

Answer 91

* Khrushchev also launched several campaigns for new crops such as maize due to its high tonnage per acre He also encouraged cornflakes and a campaign against private cows

Answer 92

* Khrushchev also launched several campaigns for new crops such as maize due to its high tonnage per acre He also encouraged cornflakes and a campaign against private cows

Answer 93

* Cereal; 1.3x * Meat; 1.75x Milk; 1.75x However Khrushchev's target of 180 million tons of cereal was not met

Answer 94

Climatic conditions not taken into account + land was worked so intensively + w/o any rotation of wheat with other crops = Land erosion took place and the soil rapidly became infertile; **20% of cultivated land produced no harvest + no hay** Tractors ineffecitve as few farmers could carry out repairs --> MTS made into repair palce Maize grown in unsuitable conditions State officials kept altering prices; hard for farmers to plan

Answer 95

Private plots still **made 50% of a peasants private income and contributed over 30% of the produce sold in the USSR**

Answer 96

1963 bad harvest meant the USSR was forced to import grain for the first time and from the US

Answer 97

decision to give Kolhoz workers passports --> urban growth by 48%

Answer 98

Americans purchased 7x as many televisions,11x refigerators, 73x as many cars 1958: Soviet average income was 1/4 of an americans

Answer 99

demonstrations in Novocherkassk in 1962 with a brutal State Reaction leading to a massacre with 26 unarmed protesters machine-gunned and 87 wounded

Answer 100

Harvest of 1956 - **125 million tons of grain - was a record for the USSR and more than half of it came from the Virgin Lands** Yields were 65% higher than previous years

Answer 101

* 20,000 tractos moved in Sprin 1954 to vrigin lands, next year it reached 200,000 * But they were often not able to be repaired * led to decline vehicles in use in Soviet Union from 1958-61; first time in 12 years

Answer 102

- Peasants were squeezed by the quotas and lived on an income that was **20% less than that of an industrial worker** - In the towns, **diets were poor** and housing, services and consumer goods were in short supply - The working week remained at its wartime levels with a **norm of 12 hours per day** - Wage differentials --> higher wages for Party officials - Women were expected to make up for the war dead

Answer 103

only a 1/10th higher

Answer 104

cash had to be exchanged 10:1 for new roubles Wiped out savings, little left for investment or consumption of 'white goods'

Answer 105

· 1960 working hours reduced to 72(under Stalin) --> 40 hours

Answer 106

· Built Childcare facilities, boarding schools * Paid pregnancy leavee increased to 77 days to 112 days

Answer 107

· July 1956 Law on State Pensions; **pensions doubled, decreased the pensions age** but only applied to factory workers until Khrushchev changed it in 1964 to also apply to peasants for the first time

Answer 108

· Workers rages from 78 --> 96 (1958-65) Real wages increased by 60% in the decade USSR **lowest wage gap in any other highly industrialised country**

Answer 109

* Length of working day of teenagers reduced to a maximum of 6 hours a day * Abolished tuition fees for education

Answer 110

*Khrushchevkas* took** only 50 days to construct** **40% housing rate growth (fastest in the world)**

Answer 111

· Post- War years saw the Zhdanovschina during which **censorship had grown tighter** Ethnic minorities had no freedom of cultural expression

Answer 112

· De-Stalinisation accompanied by a thaw on restrictions of freedoms · Restrictions on foreign literature + radio were lifted

Answer 113

Could finally publish her book *Requiem* in 1963 that she had writted from 1935-40

Answer 114

televisions showin intentional performances suhc as the **Kirov Ballet, Moscow State Circus and the Moscow Dynamos football team**

Answer 115

Intourist, through which foreigners could visit the USSR

Answer 116

attended by **34,000 people from 131 different countries**- or through radio/TV

Answer 117

· Young people saw the Western jazz,dress and behaviour as modern as exciting 'Tarzan movies did more for de-stalinisation than Khrushchev's 20th Party Congress Speech' · Even a Soviet version of the 'Teddy Boys'- the *stiliagi* · Universities saw boycotting and protests

Answer 118

'Tarzan movies did more for de-stalinisation than Khrushchev's 20th Party Congress Speech' - poet joseph brodsky

Answer 119

· A survey barried out by Soviet authorities in 1961 showed that the **majority of young people were cynical** about the ideals of the October Revolution and were more motivated by material ambitions Considering that **55% of the population were under 30**, this was an exsistential threat

Answer 120

* 1954-5 classes called Trud orr Labour itnroduced and practical lessons and workshoops * Developed into mechanical + eletrical engineering * As well as agricultural lessons to be implemented into the agarian

Answer 121

internats, a network of borading schools for orphans + poor families * Internats would be the 'builders of a new society'; **320,000 students enrolled by 1960** * They also broke down ethnic and culturral traditions- creating the Soviet man

Answer 122

* 1957: school gold medalists (students with straight A) and w 2 years exp didn’t have to take tests * Reforms made to increase propotion of uni students from peasant + worker background and all industry + agricutural sites had resereved university positions

Answer 123

* 1958: **70% of students in uni had 2 years of work exp.** a decline in enrolled students who finished **79.7% 1953-4 --> 1959-60 59% graduated** (requirement to both work and study)

Answer 124

The young communists of the *Komosomol*

Answer 125

rehabilitated those persecuted in the Zhdanovschina like the compose Shostakovich, writers Akhmatova

Answer 126

Help him publish 'One Day in the Life of Ivan Denisovich' in 1962 described gulag conditions and **acheieved over a million sales in 6 months**

Answer 127

* Could critique Stalinism but not Marxist-Leninism

Answer 128

Banned *Doctor Zhivago* won the Nobel Prize · Pasternack apologised twice in Pravda and declined the prize · His funeral in 1960 turned into a political demonstration where one of his banned poems was read

Answer 129

* Orthodox Church lost most of the rights; 1960 removal of the Chaimen of Council of Orthodox Church affairs with a much more atheist officer * Metropolitan Nikolai who was the intermediary between council and church was removed and not replaced Banning of chuch attendance of anyone under 18

Answer 130

1959: **half of 20,000 churches closed + 5/8 seminaries closed**

Answer 131

* Yiddish Schools not reopened * Only 71 books in yiddish from 1959-71 and only one yiddish newspaper * Younger Jews had little command of yiddish

Answer 132

1939 10% of Central Committee was Jewish --> 1960s only 1 jew none in Politburo

Answer 133

ews made up 13.3% of Soviet University in 1935 --> 3% by 1962

Answer 134

1957 Soviet Jews only 100 allowed outt of 1000 applying - denied jews called *refusenik *

Answer 135

Soviet Citizens only paid **10-20% of the real cost**

Answer 136

Soviet Citizens only paid **10-20% of the real cost**

Answer 137

* 1956 SU cultural agreements w Beligum Norway, Uk, France and USA * Provisions for tourism, scientific and cultural exchange Intourism

Answer 138

* Robert Heinlin visited USSR in 1960 wrote Inside Intoruism' poor exchange rate and bad infastructure ' Collect payment in advance and not provide the service they had payed for'

Answer 139

Those who had been to space like Gagrain Tereskova, Ieonov and Korlov

Answer 140

* Showed Russia to be more technically advanced than the US (RAND) and made American Public fearful * Soviet Citizens felt immense pride

Answer 141

* Statues of Stalin replaced by Cosmonaughts * Portrayed as the 'super ideal' of communism * Visited over 22 countries - 3 million in Calcutta * Children inspired to be Cosmonaughts

Answer 142

100,00 circulations to 1.75 million by 1965

Answer 143

* Thaw saw the return of greater intellectual freedom to create a new group of cultural dissidents utilising the arts to promote greater rights and democracy * Not outright physical opposition

Answer 144

**tamizdat**: published work abroad hoping it could be smuggled into Russia e.g. Pasternak's *Dr Zhivago*. CIA helped get in material **Samizdat**: labouriously duplicating material by hand, typewriter or illegal press; very dangerous e.g. done by underground societies such as '**The Youngest Society of Geniuses**' a student group set up in the '60s that produced a journal *The Sphinxes*, which contained collections of prose and poetry

Answer 145

became a place of regular readings known as the **Mayak** in **Mayakovsky Square** and were popular among students and intelligentsia

Answer 146

* In 1961, some of the regular attenders were arrested for political activity such as Vladmir Bukovsky and Edward Kuznetsov

Answer 147

arrested in 1960 and sent to labour camps on 3 separate occasions between 1961-9 for exposing human rights abuses and demanding reforms

Answer 148

* Accused them of being crazy * 1961: **130,000 people were identified as leading an 'anti-social parasitic way of life**' e.g. **Nobel Laureate Joseph Brodsky was charged with 'social parasitism'** and sentenced to 5 years exile in Archangel

Answer 149

***Magnitzdat***; often wasa jazz/rock/soul or Western pop

Answer 150

told how subversive thought was passed around in society

Answer 151

Krushchev disapproved of non comformist art on his attendance to the Manzeh Art Exhibition

Answer 152

Erik Bulatov founded the 'Sretensky Boulevard Group' including people such as Oleg Vassiliev and Ilya Kabakov Non-conformist artists weren't regarded as much of a threat and most took up part-time jobs to not be scrutininsed too much

Answer 153

He defected in Paris in 1961

Answer 154

* Malenkov became director of a HEP station in Kazakhstan * People at most expelled, never shot like in Stalin years

Answer 155

8-9 million humously or posthumously political prisoners were rehabilitated around 2 million returned from gulags and another 2 million from special settlements between 1953-60

Answer 156

By 1957, only 2% of Soviet prison populations were political prisoners

Answer 157

1. How did contribute to Khrushchev's fall from power 2. Decentralisation 3. Agriculture 4. Industry 5. Military 6. Foreign Policy

Answer 158

* Leadership was more collective after Stalin * Accused of 'one-man style' and nepotism - son in law * Embarassing behaviour - **1960 UN General Assembly banged the table with a shoe**

Answer 159

* Upset central party members who lost jobs (shut down 60 Moscow Ministries) * Regional Party secretaries offended by way the responsibilities had been divided up * Khrushev's demand that a **1/4 of the Central Committee be renewed** at every election threatened their influence

Answer 160

* Failure of Virgin Lands Scheme * 1963 imports from USA * Seen as Khrushchev's personal strength but he failed

Answer 161

* Decision to promote consumer goods and reduce arms spending alienated influential heavy industry

Answer 162

* Khrushchev reduced defence spending after acheiving the atomic bomb

Answer 163

* Percieved failure in handling of the Cuban Missile Crisis * Personally blamed for poor relations with Communist China

Answer 164

* Percieved failure in handling of the Cuban Missile Crisis * Personally blamed for poor relations with Communist China

Answer 165

· He was given special favours such as the** editor of Izvestia** and had a **direct telephone line to Khrushchev's office** · Elected to the Central Committee · He was **used to speak to foreign Diplomats in preference the the dour Foreign minister** He was **even used by Khrushchev to arrange a visit to West germany in 1964**

Answer 166

· Khrushchev received an urgent call for a emergency Presidium meeting on 13th October 1964 · At the meeting his former supporters voiced their criticisms · Khrushchev refused to resign but was denied access to the media which might have enabled him to whip up popular support - two of his supporters were the editor of Pravda and head of the state radio · The next day Khrushchev was forced to resign · The next day Suslov stood up to read a damning list of his shortcomings, and resolutions were passed by which Brezhnev became First Secretary and Alexi Kosygin became Premier Within the USSR Izvetsia (edited by Khrushchev's son-in-law) was suppressed on the day the resignation was announced so only Pravda and the radio announced his retirement

Answer 167

Weeks later Pravda denounced Krushchev for his '*hare-brained schemes, half-baked conclusions, hasty decisions, unrealistic actions, bragging, phrase-mongering and bossiness*'

Answer 168

Khrushchev personally ordered the publication of Solzhenitsyn's One Day in the Life of Ivan Denisovich to undermine the hardliners to which the hardliners prevented any more copies of Soslzhenitsyn's novels afet 1962

Answer 169

* Molotov and Kaganovich were expelled at the 22nd Party Congress * However, other hardlines such as Suslov continued oppsition within the party