Alexander III Counter Reforms and Reforms Flashcards
What were the main counter-reforms in Central Gov and internal security under Alex III
- Formation of Okhrana
- Law on Exceptional Measures (1881)
-
Statue on Police Surveillance (1882)
- Defeat of constitutional reforms ; no intention of completing ‘great reforms’
What was the Law on Exceptional Measures (1881)
introduced right to appoint Commander-in-Chief who could :
- set up military courts
- arrest people
- supress publications
The law utilised in some place until 1917 revolution
What was the Statute on Police Surveillance (1882)
any area if Empire could be deemed ‘area of subversion’:
arrest,detain,imprison exile any suspects or related peoples
What were the counter reforms in Local Government
- Volost justice of peace abolished; Introduced Land Captain
- Zemstva Act (1890)
What was the Land Captain
A new officer, from the nobility, that took the responsiblity from the Justice of Peace
Resented for corruption and constant interference
What was the Zemstva Act (1890)
Determined by 3 electoral colleges that was dominated by landowners; led to increase in intellgenstia and slow improvements
electorate st petersburg 21,000 → 7,000
What were the counter-reforms in Education
- University Statute (1884)
- Increasing Uni + Gymnazii fees (1887)
- Church regained control over primary schools
- 1886 no women allowed
What was the University Statute (1884)
Established state control over appointing deans and lectors
How did increasing Uni/Gymnazii fees affect the % of nobility in gymnazii from 1892-5
1892 - 1895
47% - 56%
What did Delianov ‘Cooks Ciricular’ of 1887 state about children of non-noble status
state secondary school should exclude ‘children of coachmen,servants,cooks,washermen,small shopkeepers and persons of similar type’
What were the main judiciary counter reforms
- Could hold a trial in camera to protect ‘the dignity of state power’ (1887)
- Crimes against state officials were to be held in special courts w/o jury (1889)
- Judges became liable to dismisal
What were the main counter reforms to Religion
(1883) Dissenters not allowed to :
build new CoW, wear religious clothing, engage in religious propoganda
What Social Reforms ( gains by peasants/nobles ) were introduced by Alexander III
1881 - law to end ‘temporary obligation’
1883 - Peasant’s Land Bank gave peasants cheap credit
Abolition of Poll tax and right to appeal to higher courts
1885 - Nobles Land Bank
What were the social reforms ( gains to workers ) by Alexander III
1882- child labour regulated
1882-90 compulsory education for young factory children
factory inspectors appointed to enforce legislation
What were the social reforms to factory workers limited by
- Population increase
- corruption
- poor living conditions around industry; large sleeping halls with flith + immorality commonplace
What was the average life expectancy in 1897
32 Yearss
What were the reforms to religion by Alexander III
1883 - Dissenters allowed to :
have passports, engage in industrial/commercial activity and hold religious meetings at home
- priests were paid a salary by the state
What were the main causes of Alexander II’s reactionary period in the second half of his reign
- Death of eldest son
- Sought mistress Dolgoroukoua (Katya)
- surviving 4 assassination attempts
Who were Alexander II’s appointments in his reactionary period
- Dmitri Tolstoy; Minister for Education
- Pytor Shuvalov: head of 3rd Section
- Konstantin Pahlen: Minister of Justice
- Alexander Timoshev: Minister of Internal Affairs
What reforms did Dmitri Tolstoy intoduce under Alex. II in education
- removed liberal,critical thought type courses
- Right to veto appointments
- State teacher training college
- over 500 private school shut
What counter reforms did Pahlen (judicial) and Shuvalov (3rd Section) introduce under Alex. II
- 1879: creation of new gov. generals with emergency powers
- Track down radicals in Switzerland and Germany
- Held ‘open show’ trials, until it backfired
What was the ‘Trial of 193’ (1877-78)
A sympathetic jury acquitted 153 of 193 defendants with the lawyers speeches printed in the press
Why was the 1880’s a time of political crisis in Russia
- Russo-Turkish War (1887-8)
- famine in countryside
- industrial recession
Why did Alexander II think to widen democratic consultation
to curb violence and unrest
Who did Alex. II appoint as Minister of Internal Affairs very near to the end of his reign
Count Mikhail Loris-Melikov
What reforms did Loris-Melikhov introduce as Minister of Internal Affairs
- Released political prisons
- Removed salt tax
-
more power to zemstva
- 3rd section abolished
What was the Loris-Melikov’s Constitution
The reccomendation of the inclusion of elected representatives of zemstva, nobility and town governments in debating drafts of state decree ( widening democratic power )
What was the nickname given to Alexander III by his family
‘The Little Bulldog’ as he wasnt very smart and only interested in the military
Who took over Alexander III education at the age of 20
Konstantin Pobedonostev (pobby)
What of Alexander II’s reforms did Pobby oppose
- consessions to minorities; religous freedom
- freeing political prisoners
- Military reforms
- Judicial reforms
What were Alexander III main beliefs
- Beliefe had a mystical bond with peasants
- Stamp out political extermists
- Russification
- rejected any western style rule`
