The Stages Of Learning And Forms Of Feedback Flashcards
What are the 3 stages of learning ?
Cognitive stage
Associative stage
Autonomous stage
What is the first stage of learning ?
The cognitive stage
What is the cognitive stage ?
The first stage of learning used by a novice. Understanding and sub-routines are explored by trial and error. An example of this is a novice gold performer working out the stages of a golf swing
What type of feedback should a coach use for a performer in the cognitive stage ?
The coach should use extrinsic feedback as the player isn’t developed enough to make feedback on himself (intrinsic)
What is the second stage of learning ?
The associative stage
What is the associative stage of learning ?
The second stage of learning as motor programmes are developed and performance is smoother. This stage is longer than the cognitive stage and to make progress from this stage the performer needs to practise, then practise more
What type of feedback should you use for someone in the associative stage ?
A coach should use extrinsic feedback as the player may not yet be experienced enough to feedback on himself
What is the third stage of learning ?
The autonomous stage
What is the autonomous stage of learning ?
The final stage of learning used by an expert when movement is detailed and specific. This is when the action is fluent, efficient and automatically undertaken. You can now do this movement without thinking
What are characteristics of the cognitive stage ?
No motor programmes, un-coordinated movement
What are the characteristics of the associative stage ?
Motor programmes forming, smoother movements
What are the characteristics of the autonomous stage ?
Motor programmes formed, automatic control, detail
What is a learning plateau ?
A period of no improvement in performance
What can cause a learning plateau ?
MBCLTF
Lack of motivation - Lack of incentives or extrinsic reward may cause the performer to lose drive and energy for the task
Boredom - The repetitive nature of a closed skill may cause boredom
Coaching - The coach may use incorrect instructions or use incorrect practise methods so that the skill isn’t done correctly
Limit of ability - The performer may not be improving because they’ve reached the limit of their ability
Target set to low - They can’t improve because the limit of the task doesn’t allow them to
Fatigue - Continuous action over an extended period of time may cause a learning plateau
What solution can a coach use to help performer overcome learning plateau ?
The task could be extended so that a new challenge to test the performer
The player could find a new coach to raise performance levels
Coach could offer more praise or extrinsic motivation
A rest could be given to avoid fatigue
More variety added to the task so boredom is avoided
The player could receive extrinsic feedback to improve performance and motivation
What is visual guidance ?
Guidance that can be seen e.g. a demonstration
What are the advantages and disadvantages of visual guidance ?
Advantages:
Can be used to highlight a specific weakness
Can show what the skill should look like
Creates a mental image for the performer
(Almost always used in conjunction with verbal guidance)
Disadvantages:
Demonstration must be completely accurate otherwise may be copied incorrectly
If too much information is given performer may become confused
What is verbal guidance ?
Giving an explanation as to how a skill is done
What are the advantages and disadvantages of verbal guidance ?
Advantages:
Helps build a mental image of skill
Can be used to give detailed or technical advice mid game
Disadvantages:
If too much information is given then performer may become confused
The performer may lose concentration is the explanation isn’t brief, relevant and meaningful
The language used by the coach should be recognisable to a beginner, a coach shouldn’t use technical terms only known by an expert
What is manual guidance ?
Using physical support such as holding a gymnast on a vault or during a headstand
What are the advantages and disadvantages of using manual guidance ?
Advantages:
Can help to eliminate danger e.g. prevent a fall
Helps to build confidence of the performer who might not be able to gain a feel for the whole task without help
Fear and anxiety can be reduced
Disadvantages:
Performer may begin to depend on physical support too much to the extent they can’t do the skill without it
What is mechanical guidance ?
Using artificial aid such as ropes to help learn a skill
What are the advantages and disadvantages of using mechanical guidance ?
Advantages:
Can build confidence upon succesful completion of task - gives the performer a sense they can do it
Helps to eliminate danger
Gives an early feel for the whole skill
Can be used with disabled athletes or those recovering from injury
Disadvantages:
Performer can become over-reliant on guidance
Performer may lose motivation if they feel they can’t do the skill without mechanical guidance
