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The Spread of Disease Flashcards

1
Q

How do viruses cause disease?

A

Live and reproduces in an organism’s cells -> damages or destroys cells

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2
Q

What is 3 examples of viral infections?

A

Measles, HIV (Human Immunodeficiency Virus), TMV (Tobacco Mosaic Virus)

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3
Q

How is measles spread?

A

Inhalation of droplets - infected people coughing and sneezing

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4
Q

What are symptoms of measles?

A
  1. Fever
  2. Skin rash
  3. Can be fatal
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5
Q

How is HIV spread?

A
  1. Sexual contact
  2. Exchange of bodily fluids (e.g: blood)
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6
Q

What are the symptoms of HIV?

A
  1. Flu-like symptoms
  2. Virus attacks body’s immune cells -> can lead to AIDS
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7
Q

How is TMV spread?

A
  1. Direct contact of plants with infected plant material
  2. Animal and plant vectors
  3. Soil
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8
Q

What are symptoms of TMV?

A
  1. Mosaic pattern of discolouration - chlorophyll destroyed
  2. Reduces plant’s ability to photosynthesise -> affects growth
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9
Q

How do bacteria cause disease?

A

Reproduce rapidly inside organisms and may produce toxins to damage tissues

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10
Q

Name 2 examples of a bacterial disease.

A

Salmonella, gonorrhoea

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11
Q

How is salmonella spread?

A

Bacteria in or on food that is ingested

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12
Q

Name 3 symptoms of salmonella.

A
  1. Fever
  2. Abdominal pains
  3. Vomiting
  4. Diarrhoea
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13
Q

How is salmonella prevented?

A

Poultry vaccinated against it

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14
Q

How is gonorrhoea spread?

A

Direct sexual contact (STD)

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15
Q

Name 2 symptoms of gonorrhoea.

A
  1. Thick yellow or green discharge from vagina or penis
  2. Pain when urinating
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16
Q

How is gonorrhoea treated?

A
  1. Antibiotics
  2. Barrier methods of contraception
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17
Q

What are the 4 forms of pathogen?

A
  1. Bacteria
  2. Virus
  3. Protist
  4. Fungi
18
Q

What are pathogens?

A

Microorganisms that cause disease.

19
Q

How are pathogens spread?

A
  1. Air
  2. Water
  3. Direct contact
20
Q

What 4 things can help control the spread of communicable disease?

A
  1. Hygiene
  2. Isolation
  3. Controlling vectors
  4. Vaccination
21
Q

What is an example of a fungal infection?

A

Rose black spot

22
Q

How is rose black spot spread?

A

Water and wind

23
Q

What are symptoms of rose black spot?

A
  1. Purple or black spots on leaves, which turn yellow and drop early
  2. Reduced ability to photosynthesise -> affects growth
24
Q

How is rose black spot prevented?

A
  1. Fungicides
  2. Affected leaves removed and destroyed
25
Name 2 examples of using hygiene to prevent the spread of communicable diseases.
Wash hands, disinfect surfaces, keep raw meat separate, cover mouth when coughing…
26
What is an example of a disease caused by protists?
Malaria
27
How is malaria spread?
1. Mosquitos feed on blood of infected individuals 2. Spread protist pathogen to another person
28
What is a vector?
An organism that *spreads disease* by *carrying pathogens* between people
29
What are 2 symptoms of malaria?
1. Recurrent episodes of *fever* 2. Death
30
How is malaria prevented?
1. Prevent mosquito vectors breeding 2. Mosquito nets 3. Anti-malarial medicine
31
What are 3 signs that a plant is diseased?
Stunted growth, spots on leaves, areas of rot or decay, discolouration, malformed stem or leaves, pest infestation…
32
What are 2 ways of identifying plant diseases?
1. Gardening manuals and websites 2. Laboratory testing 3. Testing kits containing monoclonal antibodies
33
What are aphids?
Insects that suck sap from the stems of plants
34
How do aphids cause diseases?
Sucking sap results in disease
35
Name 2 symptoms of disease from aphids.
1. Reduced rate of growth 2. Wilting 3. Discolouration of leaves
36
How can disease caused by aphids be controlled?
Ladybirds - their larvae eat aphids
37
What 3 types of plant defences are there?
1. Physical barriers 2. Chemical barriers 3. Mechanical adaptations
38
Name 2 examples of physical barriers in plants.
1. Cellulose cell walls - provide barrier to infection 2. Tough waxy cuticle on leaves 3. Bark on trees - layer of dead cells that can fall off
39
Name an example of a chemical barrier in plants.
1. Many plants produce *antibacterial chemicals* 2. *Poison production* stops animals eating plants
40
Name 2 mechanical adaptations in plants.
1. Thorns and hairs - stop animals eating plants 2. Leaves that droop or curl when touched - scare herbivores, dislodge insects 3. Some plants *mimic* the appearance of unhealthy or poisonous plants to deter insects or herbivores

Biology P1 (12 decks)

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