Organisation in Animals

Question 1

What are tissues?

Answer 1

Groups of cells that have similar structures and functions

Question 2

What are organs?

Answer 2

Groups of tissues working together to perform a specific function

Question 3

What are organ systems?

Answer 3

Groups of organs working together

Question 4

What are organisms?

Answer 4

Organ systems working together, forming an organism

Question 5

Describe the movement of air during breathing.

Answer 5

1. Air moves into the body through the mouth and nose
2. Down the trachea
3. Into the bronchi
4. Through the bronchioles
5. Into the alveoli

Question 6

What are bronchioles?

Answer 6

Smaller tubes that the bronchi branch out into

Question 7

What do arteries do?

Answer 7

Carry deoxygenated blood away from the heart.

Question 8

What do veins do?

Answer 8

Carry oxygenates blood to the heart.

Question 9

What is difference between the structure of the arteries and veins?

Answer 9

1. Arteries are thicker; veins are thinner.
2. Arteries have a smaller lumen; veins have a larger lumen.

Question 10

What covers the alveoli?

Answer 10

A network of capillaries.

Question 11

What type of blood goes to the lungs?

Answer 11

Deoxygenated - oxygenated out.

Question 12

What sort of pressure is in the arteries?

Answer 12

High pressure

Question 13

What is the structure of the arteries?

Answer 13

1. Thick, muscular, elastic walls
2. Walls can stretch and withstand high pressure
3. Small lumen

Question 14

What is the structure of the veins?

Answer 14

1. Have valves to stop blood flowing wrong way
2. Thin walls
3. Large lumen

Question 15

What do capillaries do?

Answer 15

1. Carries blood to tissues and cells
2. Connects arteries and veins

Question 16

What is the structure of a capillary?

Answer 16

1. One cell thick - short diffusion distance
2. Very narrow lumen

Question 17

What artery supplies the cardiac muscle with oxygen?

Answer 17

Coronary artery

Question 18

What side of the heart is on the left of a diagram?

Answer 18

Right - it is backwards as if it was in the chest

Question 19

What are the atria?

Answer 19

The area of the heart where blood collects

Question 20

What do the ventricles do?

Answer 20

Pump the blood out of the heart to the lungs or around the body.

Question 21

What does the vena cava do?

Answer 21

Bring deoxygenated blood to the heart.

Question 22

What does the aorta do?

Answer 22

Carries oxygenated blood around the body

Question 23

What does the pulmonary artery do?

Answer 23

Takes deoxygenated blood to the lungs

Question 24

What does the right ventricle do?

Answer 24

Pump blood to the lungs

Question 25

What does the left ventricle do?

Answer 25

Pump blood around the body

Question 26

What is the order of the parts of the heart?

Answer 26

From the right (left on diagram): RV, RA, VC, PA, AO, PV, LA, LV 1. Right ventricle 2. Right atrium 3. Vena cava 4. Pulmonary artery 5. Aorta 6. Pulmonary vein 7. Left atrium 8. Left ventricle

Question 27

What is heart rate controlled by?

Answer 27

A group of cells in the right atrium that generate electrical impulses, acting as a pacemaker.

Question 28

What can be used to control irregular heartbeats?

Answer 28

Artificial pacemakers

Question 29

What 4 main components is blood made up of?

Answer 29

1. Red blood cells 2. Plasma 3. Platelets 4. White blood cells

Question 30

What do red blood cells do?

Answer 30

Bind to oxygen, transport it around the body

Question 31

What does plasma do?

Answer 31

Transport substances and blood cells around the body

Question 32

What do platelets do?

Answer 32

Form blood clots to create barriers to infections

Question 33

What do white blood cells do?

Answer 33

Part of the immune system - defend the body against pathogens

Question 34

Why is the human circulatory system described as a double circulatory system?

Answer 34

Blood passes through the heart twice for every circuit around the body

Question 35

Describe 3 adaptations of a red blood cell.

Answer 35

1. Bi-concave disc shape -> large SA:V ratio for diffusion of oxygen 2. Contains haemoglobin -> binds to oxygen 3. No nucleus -> more space for oxygen

Question 36

What substances are transported in the blood plasma?

Answer 36

1. Hormones 2. Proteins 3. Urea 4. Carbon dioxide 5. Glucose

Question 37

How do white blood cells protect the body?

Answer 37

1. Produce antitoxins to neutralise toxins or antibodies 2. Engulf pathogens

Question 38

What is the test for lipids?

Answer 38

Ethanol

Question 39

Food tests: what is the change if a lipid is present?

Answer 39

Ethanol test - colourless to cloudy

Question 40

What is the test for sugars?

Answer 40

Benedict's reagent

Question 41

Food tests: what is the change if a sugar is present?

Answer 41

Benedict's - blue to red

Question 42

What is the test for starch (carbohydrates)?

Answer 42

Iodine

Question 43

Food tests: what is the change if starch is present?

Answer 43

Iodine - brown to blue-black

Question 44

What is the test for protein?

Answer 44

Biuret reagent

Question 45

Food tests: what is the change if a protein is present?

Answer 45

Biuret - blue to purple