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OS 203 Finals > The Spine > Flashcards

The Spine Flashcards

0
Q

significant motion only occur at which portion of the spine?

A

upper 25 vertebrae

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1
Q

how many vertebra does a human have? how many are in each region?

A

32-34

7 cervical
12 thoracic
5 lumbar
5 sacral
4 coccygeal
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2
Q

T/F the size of the vertebral body increases as the column descends

A

T

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3
Q

anterior part which gives strength to the vertebral column

A

vertebral body

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4
Q

what consists the vertebral arch?

A

pedicles(pillars) and lamina(roof)

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5
Q

most important stabilizing structure of posterior elements of the vertebra

A

pars interarticularis

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6
Q

hole where nerve roots pass

A

neuroforamina

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7
Q

vertebral arch+posterior surface of vertebral body

A

vertebral foramen

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8
Q

foramen formed by the superior and inferior vertebral notches of the adjacent vertebrae

A

intervertebral foramen

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9
Q

spinal nerves passes through which foramen?

A

intervertebral foramen

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10
Q

what passes through the transverse foramen?

A

vertebral arteries

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11
Q

ligament demarcating anterior and posterior elements

A

posterior longitudinal ligament

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12
Q

distribution of weight bore by the anterior and posterior elements

A

anterior: 80% posterior: 20%

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13
Q

what gives the spine its flexibility?

A

IV discs

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14
Q

what determines the degree of motion of the spine

A

angle/direction of facets

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15
Q

most movable portion of the spine

A

cervical

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16
Q

angle of facet joints of cervical, lumbar and thoracic segments

A

cervical: 45deg
thoracic: 60deg
lumbar: 90deg

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17
Q

[spine segment] small body, largest canal, short bifurcated spinous process, thin lamina

A

cervical

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18
Q

[spine segment] medium sized body, smallest canal, long caudad spinous process, short transverse process, medium thickness laminae

A

thoracic vertebrae

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19
Q

[spine segment] large canal, short, broad spinous processes, broad transverse process, broad strong laminae

A

lumbar

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20
Q

which spine segment has a thin intervertebral disc compared to others?

A

cervical

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21
Q

which atypical vertebra?

with ring, no body, no spinous process, short transverse process, with lateral masses

A

C1/atlas

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22
Q

which atypical vertebra?

only vertebra with specialized process(dens/odontoid process), with thick lamina, has superior articulating facets

A

C2/axis

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23
Q

which atypical vertebra

has vertebra prominens, only cervical vertebra with a spinous process that is not bifid

A

C7

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24
Q

[significance] lateral masses of the atlas

A

bear weight of the skull

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25
Q

[significance] superior articular facets of axis

A

where atlas rotates

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26
Q

which atypical vertebra?

with a long spinous process, almost as prominent as C7

A

T1

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27
Q

thoracic vertebrae that has mammillary processes

A

T9-T12

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28
Q

what muscles attaches to the mammillary processes of the thoracic vertebrae?

A

intertransversarii and multifidus

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29
Q

T/F the lumbar vertebrae facilitates flexion and extension but not rotation

A

T

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30
Q

what is the largest movable vertebra?

A

L5

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31
Q

provides strength and stability to the pelvis and transmits weight of the body to the pelvic girdle

A

sacral vertebrae

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32
Q

how many sacral foramina are there?

A

4

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33
Q

important obstetrical landmark

A

sacral promontory

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34
Q

which coccygeal vertebra is the largest?

A

Co1

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35
Q

muscles that attach to the coccyx

A

gluteus maximus, coccygeus, pubococcygeus

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36
Q

what is the first secondary curvature and when is it developed?

A

cervical lordosis; after birth

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37
Q

where is the center of gravity in a baby?

A

between its forelegs

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38
Q

where is the center of gravity in an adult?

A

2 inches in front of S2

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39
Q

what is the 2nd secondary curvature ans when does it develop?

A

lumbar lordosis; baby

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40
Q

at 5-6 y.o, the spinal cord stops growing. at what vertebral level would the spinal cord end?

A

conus medullaris (tip of spinal cord) would be at L1

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41
Q

motions that the cervical vertebrae are capable of

A

flex, extend, rotate, laterally bend

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42
Q

what structures prevent the thoracic vertebrae from extension?

A

spinous processes

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43
Q

motions that the thoracic vertebrae are capable of

A

flex, rotate, laterally bend

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44
Q

a true joint with capsule, hyaline cartilage and synovial membrane in the articulating surface

A

diarthrodial joint

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45
Q

example of a diarthrodial joint in the vertebral column

A

joint over the facets

46
Q

movement allowed by diarthrodial joint

A

gliding (e.g. between vertebrae)

47
Q

articulation where bony surfaces are connected by interosseous ligament

A

syndesmosis

48
Q

examples of syndesmosis in the vertebral column and the corresponding ligaments

A

between laminae: ligamentum flavum, between spinous processes: interspinous ligament

49
Q

most important joint in the spine

A

amphiarthrodial joint between the IV discs

50
Q

the IV discs are made of

A

fibrocartilage

51
Q

what type of joint so you use when you nod, and what forms it?

A

condyloid joint formed by the skull and the atlas

52
Q

what type of joint do you use when you shake your head as if saying no? what forms this joint?

A

trochoid; atlas and axis

53
Q

on what bone do we sit on?

A

ischial tuberosity

54
Q

arrange the following in ascending order of which the spine is strongest in:

compression, torsion, bending, shear

A

shear<compression

55
Q

give the breakdown of torsional load on the spine

A

50% disc
20% ligaments
30% facets

56
Q

strongest ligament in the vertebral column

A

anterior logitudinal ligament

57
Q

extent of anterior longitudinal ligament

A

sacrum-c1

58
Q

functions of anterior longitudinal ligament

A

maintains stability of IV discs; prevents hyperextension of vertebral column

59
Q

T/F the anterior longitudinal ligament helps when you straighten up by recoil

A

T

60
Q

ligament with the most number of nociceptors

A

posterior longitudinal ligament

61
Q

cord-like ligament connecting the apices of spinous processes from c7 to sacrum

A

supraspinous ligament

62
Q

which ligament has a lot of proprioceptors?

A

supraspinous ligament

63
Q

ligament connecting adjacent transverse processes

A

intertransverse ligaments

64
Q

which ligament limits lateral bending?

A

intertransverse ligament

65
Q

which ligament limits flexion?

A

interspinous ligament

66
Q

which ligament prevents hyperflexion and posterior protrusion of IV discs?

A

posterior longitudinal ligament

67
Q

why is the ligamentum flavum yellow?

A

because it is abundant in elastin

68
Q

which ligament assists in straightening spine after flexing?

A

ligamentum flavum

69
Q

secures dens process to occupit, connects dens to tubercles on medial side of occipital condyle, and limits flexion and rotation in the CV complex

A

alar ligament

70
Q

most important ligament over C1 and C2; securely fastens dens between C1 and C2

A

transverse atlantal ligament

71
Q

ligament between ribs and transverse process

A

costotransverse ligament

72
Q

secures dens to occiput

A

occipitodental ligament

73
Q

prevent easy breakage of connection to the head

A

atlanto-occipital ligament

74
Q

[function] IV discs

A

shock absorption/ energy dissipation/ cushioning

75
Q

protrusion of the nucleus pulposus into the annulus fibrosus

A

herniation/ slipped disc

76
Q

T/F central herniation is more common than posterolateral herniation

A

F

77
Q

4 types of herniation

A

protrusion - bulging of nucleus pulposus without thinning of annulus fibrosus
prolapse - bulging of nucleus pulposus but with thinning annulus fibrosus
extrusion - ruptures annulus fibrosus but with no detachments escaping into the spinal canal
sequestration - parts of nucleus pulposus escapes into spinal canal; diagnosed with MRI and needs surgery

78
Q

What is the gross mover of the spine?

A

erector spinae

79
Q

what muscles make up the erector spinae?

A

iliocostalis, logissimus, spinalis

80
Q

main action of transversocostal group

A

bilateral action: extends vertebral column and head, back is flexed,

unilateral action: laterally flex vertebral column

81
Q

what comprises the transversocostal group?

A

splenius capitis, splenius cervicis, erector spinae

82
Q

what happens to a patient if the multifidus is injured suring surgery?

A

back pain to muscle weakness through the years

83
Q

major posterior stabilizer of the spine

A

multifidus

84
Q

fine steering movement of the spine is due to

A

rotatores + multifidus

85
Q

the artery of adamkiewicz is found at which vertebral levels?

A

T10-L2

172
Q

how many anterior spinal artery are there? posterior?

A

1;2

173
Q

what type of lever is the spine along the sagittal plane, coronal plabe and top view?

A

1st class lever

174
Q

arrange the following in ascebding order of strength

vertebral body, pedicle, facets, spinous process

A

spinous process<vertebral body

175
Q

arrange the following in order of ascending strength:

ALL(anterior longitudinal ligament), LF (ligamentum flavum), PLL(posterior longitudinal ligament), ISL(interspinous ligament), FC(facet capsule)

A

ISL

176
Q

how much force/ weight will it take to break the vertebral body?

A

6000 N/ 612kg

177
Q

T/F at 816kg (8000 N), the IV disc will still

be intact

A

T

178
Q

at what force/ weight will the ligaments get damaged, and disc herniated?

A

900 kg (9000N)

179
Q

what composes the functional unit of the vertebral column?

A

2 vertebrae and the disc in between

180
Q

most thoracolumbar fractures happen at what region?

A

L1-T12

181
Q

inflammation of the spine

A

spondylitis

182
Q

defect in pars interarticularis; gives the dog collar

A

spondylolysis

183
Q

instability of the degenerating spine

A

spondylosis

184
Q

disengagement of the superior vertebra from the inferior

A

spondylolisthesis

185
Q

T/F all spondylolysis eventually lead to spondylolisthesis

A

F

186
Q

T/F all spondylolisthesis has an aspect of spondylolysis

A

T

187
Q

damage to the back of the spinal cord causing loss in proprioception and difficulty in coordinating limb movements

A

posterior cord syndrome

188
Q

damage on one side of the spinal cord causing loss of motor function on the ipsilateral side; pain and temp sensation may still be preserved

A

Brown-Sequard syndrome

189
Q

[define] anterior cord syndrome

A

damage towards the front of the spinal cord; loss of motor function and pain, temp, touch sensation

190
Q

among the incomplete spinal cord injuries, which has the worst prognosis? the best?

A

anterior spine injury; Brown-Dequard Syndrome

191
Q

bone grafts to replace IV discs are obtained from

A

the iliac crest

192
Q

what is the hallmark of osteoporosis?

A

vertebral compression fracture

193
Q

vitamin lacking in those who get osteoporosis

A

vit D

194
Q

at what angles should a scoliotic spine be for it to require surgical intervention?

A

> 40; if <=40, surgery is unnecessary

195
Q

how do you test for scoliosis?

A

clasp hands as if praying then bend over; ribs will protrude out

196
Q

the transversocostal group is innervated by

A

posterior rami of spinal nerves

197
Q

[action] splenius capitis and cervicis

A

acting alone: laterally flex neck and rotate head to side of active muscles

acting together: extend head and neck

198
Q

[action] semispinalis

A

extends head and thoracic and cervical regions of vertebral column, and rotates them contralaterally

199
Q

[action] rotatores

A

stabilizes vertebra and assist with local extension and rotatory movements

OS 203 Finals (9 decks)

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