The Specific Immune System Flashcards
What is Agglutination?
Antibodies cause microbes to stick together which makes it easier for phagocytes to engulf them.
What do Agglutinins do?
Cross link pathogens by binding specifically via their variable regions. Pathogens are clumped together meaning they cannot enter host cells and are easier to phagocytose.
What is Neutralisation?
Some pathogens make us ill by producing toxins. Some antibodies neutralise these toxins.
What is Opsinisation?
The binding of an antibody to the surface at a pathogen can set off a chain reaction with blood proteins which causes the pathogen to swell up and burst.
What do viruses have on their surface which is the way most viruses enter their host cell?
Proteins which recognise and bind to receptors on the surface of the host cell.
What can antibodies bind to and prevent?
To viruses and stop them attaching to their host cells.
What are the regions and structures in Antibody Structure?
-Hinge region
-Constant region
-Variable regions
-Heavy Chain
-Disulphide bridges
-Light chain
-Antigen
-Antigen binding site
What does the specificity of the antibody depend on?
Its variable regions
What is the same in all antibodies?
Constant regions
What does each antibody have?
A variable shaped region that is complementary to one specific antigen.
What is Clonal Selection?
T helper cells bind to B cell. The B cell which produces the correct antibody is selected for cloning.
What is Clonal Expansion?
Activated B cell divides by mitosis to give clones of plasma cells and memory B cells which produce correct antibody.
What is both Clonal Selection and Clonal Expansion?
Humoral Response
What are the 2 types of Lymphocytes?
-B lymphocytes
-T lymphocytes
Where do B Lymphocytes mature?
In Bone Marrow
Where do T lymphocytes mature?
In Thymus Gland
What are the 3 types of T lymphocytes?
-T Helper Cells
-T Killer Cells
-T Memory Cells
What are T Helper Cells?
Produce interleukins which stimulate activity of B cells to increase antibody production, simulate production of other T cells and attract phagocytes.
What are interleukins?
A type of cytokine
What are T Killer Cells?
Destroy the pathogen carrying the antigen
How do T Killer Cells do this?
Produce a chemical called perforin which kills pathogens by making holes in membrane.
What are T Memory Cells?
Part of Immunological Memory and live for a very long time.
What happens if T Memory Cells meet an antigen a 2nd time?
They divide rapidly to form large numbers of T Killer Cells
What are the 3 type of B lymphocytes?
-Plasma Cells
-B effector Cells
-B Memory Cells
What are B lymphocytes only involved in?
Humoral Response only
What are Plasma Cells?
Produce antibodies for a particular antigen and only live for a few days.
What are B Effector Cells?
Divide to form plasma cell clones
What are B Memory Cells?
Part of Immunological Memory and live for a very long time.
What do B Memory Cells do?
Remember a specific antigen which enables plasma cells which produce the correct antibody to be made rapidly upon re-infection.
What is Cell Mediated Immunity?
Where T lymphocytes respond to cells of an organisms that has been changed
In what ways can the organism be changed?
Viral Infection
Antigen Processing
Mutation
Cells from Transplanted Tissue
Cell-Mediated Immunity Process
See Notes
What is Humoral Immunity?
Where the body responds to antigens found outside of cells such as bacteria, fungi and APC’s
Humoral Immunity Process
See Notes
