The Specific Immune System Flashcards

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1
Q

What is Agglutination?

A

Antibodies cause microbes to stick together which makes it easier for phagocytes to engulf them.

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2
Q

What do Agglutinins do?

A

Cross link pathogens by binding specifically via their variable regions. Pathogens are clumped together meaning they cannot enter host cells and are easier to phagocytose.

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3
Q

What is Neutralisation?

A

Some pathogens make us ill by producing toxins. Some antibodies neutralise these toxins.

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4
Q

What is Opsinisation?

A

The binding of an antibody to the surface at a pathogen can set off a chain reaction with blood proteins which causes the pathogen to swell up and burst.

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5
Q

What do viruses have on their surface which is the way most viruses enter their host cell?

A

Proteins which recognise and bind to receptors on the surface of the host cell.

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6
Q

What can antibodies bind to and prevent?

A

To viruses and stop them attaching to their host cells.

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7
Q

What are the regions and structures in Antibody Structure?

A

-Hinge region
-Constant region
-Variable regions
-Heavy Chain
-Disulphide bridges
-Light chain
-Antigen
-Antigen binding site

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8
Q

What does the specificity of the antibody depend on?

A

Its variable regions

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9
Q

What is the same in all antibodies?

A

Constant regions

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10
Q

What does each antibody have?

A

A variable shaped region that is complementary to one specific antigen.

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11
Q

What is Clonal Selection?

A

T helper cells bind to B cell. The B cell which produces the correct antibody is selected for cloning.

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12
Q

What is Clonal Expansion?

A

Activated B cell divides by mitosis to give clones of plasma cells and memory B cells which produce correct antibody.

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13
Q

What is both Clonal Selection and Clonal Expansion?

A

Humoral Response

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14
Q

What are the 2 types of Lymphocytes?

A

-B lymphocytes
-T lymphocytes

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15
Q

Where do B Lymphocytes mature?

A

In Bone Marrow

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16
Q

Where do T lymphocytes mature?

A

In Thymus Gland

17
Q

What are the 3 types of T lymphocytes?

A

-T Helper Cells
-T Killer Cells
-T Memory Cells

18
Q

What are T Helper Cells?

A

Produce interleukins which stimulate activity of B cells to increase antibody production, simulate production of other T cells and attract phagocytes.

19
Q

What are interleukins?

A

A type of cytokine

20
Q

What are T Killer Cells?

A

Destroy the pathogen carrying the antigen

21
Q

How do T Killer Cells do this?

A

Produce a chemical called perforin which kills pathogens by making holes in membrane.

22
Q

What are T Memory Cells?

A

Part of Immunological Memory and live for a very long time.

23
Q

What happens if T Memory Cells meet an antigen a 2nd time?

A

They divide rapidly to form large numbers of T Killer Cells

24
Q

What are the 3 type of B lymphocytes?

A

-Plasma Cells
-B effector Cells
-B Memory Cells

25
Q

What are B lymphocytes only involved in?

A

Humoral Response only

26
Q

What are Plasma Cells?

A

Produce antibodies for a particular antigen and only live for a few days.

27
Q

What are B Effector Cells?

A

Divide to form plasma cell clones

28
Q

What are B Memory Cells?

A

Part of Immunological Memory and live for a very long time.

29
Q

What do B Memory Cells do?

A

Remember a specific antigen which enables plasma cells which produce the correct antibody to be made rapidly upon re-infection.

30
Q

What is Cell Mediated Immunity?

A

Where T lymphocytes respond to cells of an organisms that has been changed

31
Q

In what ways can the organism be changed?

A

Viral Infection
Antigen Processing
Mutation
Cells from Transplanted Tissue

32
Q

Cell-Mediated Immunity Process

A

See Notes

33
Q

What is Humoral Immunity?

A

Where the body responds to antigens found outside of cells such as bacteria, fungi and APC’s

34
Q

Humoral Immunity Process

A

See Notes