The Solid Earth - Chapter 1: Minerals

Question 1

Practically every manufactured product contains materials obtained from _____.

Answer 1

Minerals

Question 2

An aggregate of one or more material

Answer 2

Rock

Question 3

____ implies that the minerals are found together as a mixture in which the properties of the individual minerals are retained

Answer 3

Aggregate

Question 4

True or false: certain minerals, along with impurities, are commonly found by themselves in large quantities and in these instances are considered to be rocks.

Answer 4

True

Question 5

A naturally occurring inorganic solid that possesses a definite chemical structure

Answer 5

Mineral

Question 6

Four rules of minerals

Answer 6

Naturally occurring
Inorganic
Solid
Definite Chemical Structure

Question 7

Minerals, like all matter, are made of ____

Answer 7

Elements

Question 8

Name two minerals that are made of entirely one element

Answer 8

Gold and sulphur

Question 9

Most minerals are a combination of two or more ____ joined to form a chemically stable compound

Answer 9

Elements

Question 10

The smallest part of matter that still retains characteristics of an element

Answer 10

Atom

Question 11

What does the combining in elements forming compounds?

Answer 11

Atoms

Question 12

Central region of atom

Answer 12

Nucleus

Question 13

Positively charged subatomic particles; dense

Answer 13

Protons

Question 14

Dense subatomic particles with no charge

Answer 14

Neutrons

Question 15

Subatomic particles that orbit the nucleus and carry a negative charge

Answer 15

Electron

Question 16

What determines the atomic number of an element?

Answer 16

Number of protons

Question 17

True or false: since uncombined atoms have the same number of electrons as protons, the atomic number also equals the number of electrons surrounding the nucleus

Answer 17

True

Question 18

True or false: neutrons have a charge

Answer 18

False

Question 19

Elements combine with each other to form a wide variety of more complex substances called ____

Answer 19

Compounds

Question 20

A substance composed of two or more elements bonded together in definite proportions

Answer 20

Compound

Question 21

The forces that bond atoms are ____ in nature

Answer 21

Electrical

Question 22

When an atom combines chemically, it either gains, loses, or shares ____ with another atom

Answer 22

Electron

Question 23

Atoms that have an electrical charge because of a gain or loss of electrons are called _____

Answer 23

ions

Question 24

____ charged ions attract one another and produce a neutral chemical compound

Answer 24

Oppositely

Question 25

This can be determined by totaling the number of neutrons and protons in the nucleus

Answer 25

Mass number

Question 26

True or false: two atoms of an element can have differing numbers of neutrons and therefore different mass numbers

Answer 26

True

Question 27

Atoms of an element with a different mass number

Answer 27

Isotope

Question 28

A common element that has isotopes with mass numbers of 12 and 14

Answer 28

carbon

Question 29

All atoms of the same type do have the same number of ____

Answer 29

protons

Question 30

The term commonly used to express the average of the atomic masses of isotopes for a given element

Answer 30

Atomic weight

Question 31

_____ isotopes are isotopes that go through a process of natural disintegration

Answer 31

unstable

Question 32

the process that occurs when the forces that bind the nucleus are not strong enough

Answer 32

Radioactivity

Question 33

The rate at which the unstable nuclei break apart is measurable and makes isotopes useful for ______

Answer 33

dating events of earth's history

Question 34

Each mineral has an orderly arrangement of ____

Answer 34

atoms

Question 35

What is another name for the arrangement of atoms in a mineral?

Answer 35

Crystalline structure

Question 36

The external expression of a mineral that reflects the orderly internal arrangement of atoms

Answer 36

Crystal form

Question 37

Why might a crystal with well-formed crystal faces develop?

Answer 37

A mineral forms without space restrictions

Question 38

Most of the time crystal growth is interrupted because of _________

Answer 38

competition for space

Question 39

What is an obvious feature of a mineral that is an unreliable diagnostic property?

Answer 39

Color

Question 40

When a mineral exhibits a variety of colors it is said to possess

Answer 40

Exotic coloration

Question 41

Exotic coloration is usually caused by the inclusion of _____

Answer 41

impurities

Question 42

Minerals that have fairly consistent coloration as a result of chemical make up are said to have

Answer 42

Inherent coloration

Question 43

The color of a mineral in its powdered form, obtained by rubbing the mineral across unglazed porcelain

Answer 43

Streak

Question 44

The unglazed porcelain used to test streak

Answer 44

Streak plate

Question 45

Which property can be used to distinguish minerals with metallic vs nonmetallic lusters?

Answer 45

Streak

Question 46

The appearance or quality of light reflected from the surface of a mineral

Answer 46

Luster

Question 47

Lusters described as metal

Answer 47

metallic

Question 48

Lusters described as pearly, silky, dull

Answer 48

Nonmetallic

Question 49

A measure of the resistance of a mineral to abrasion or scratching

Answer 49

Hardness

Question 50

The numerical scale of hardness

Answer 50

Mohs

Question 51

Mohs scale from 1-10

Answer 51

``` Talc Gypsum Calcite Fluorite Apatite Orthoclase Quartz Topaz Corudum Diamond ```

Question 52

A mineral can or cannot be scratched by something less hard

Answer 52

Cannot

Question 53

The tendency of a mineral to break along planes of weak bonding that exist between atoms in the crystalline structure

Answer 53

Cleavage

Question 54

An example of a mineral with excellent cleavage that breaks in thin, flat sheets

Answer 54

Micas

Question 55

The number of different sets of plans exhibited/the angles at which the planes meet

Answer 55

Cleavage

Question 56

Minerals that do not exhibit cleavage are said to

Answer 56

fracture

Question 57

Minerals that break into smooth curved surfaces resembling broken glass have

Answer 57

Conchoidal fracture

Question 58

A number that represents the ratio of the weight of a mineral to the weight of an equal volume of water

Answer 58

Specific gravity

Question 59

The average specific gravity for minerals

Answer 59

2.7

Question 60

Halite has a ___ taste

Answer 60

salty

Question 61

Gold is _____ and can be easily shaped

Answer 61

malleable

Question 62

Talc and graphite both have distinctive ____

Answer 62

feels

Question 63

If a mineral can be picked up with a magnet, it might have a high ____

Answer 63

iron content

Question 64

An optical property of calcite that double letters when it is on top

Answer 64

double refraction

Question 65

Some minerals (like carbonates) will fizz with a small drop of dilute ________ and might indicate calcite

Answer 65

hydrochloric acid

Question 66

A few dozen minerals are abundant and collectively make up the rocks of the earth's crust. Therefore, they are called

Answer 66

rock-forming minerals

Question 67

The bulk of rock-forming minerals are made up of ______ elements

Answer 67

8

Question 68

The two most abundant elements

Answer 68

Silicone | Oxygen

Question 69

When silicone and oxygen combine, they form the most common mineral group _____

Answer 69

Silicates

Question 70

What is the basic building block of all silicate materials?

Answer 70

The silicon-oxygen tetrahedron

Question 71

What are the 5 elements that join silicate structures?

Answer 71

``` Iron Magnesium Potassium Sodium Calcium ```

Question 72

When do most silicate minerals form?

Answer 72

When molten rock cools and crystallizes

Question 73

Dark silicates contain ions of __________

Answer 73

Iron and/or magnesium

Question 74

Dark silicates have a specific gravity greater than ___

Answer 74

3

Question 75

An important rock-forming group is the _____ which is nonsilicate

Answer 75

carbonates

Question 76

What is CaCO3?

Answer 76

Calcite

Question 77

What mineral is a major constituent of limestone and marble?

Answer 77

Calcite

Question 78

Two nonsilicate minerals frequently found in rocks besides the carbonates?

Answer 78

Halite | Gypsum

Question 79

Name the types of minerals that are silicate

Answer 79

``` Olivine Augite Hornblende Micas Feldspars Quartz ```

Question 80

What is SiO2?

Answer 80

Quartz

Question 81

Name two types of micas

Answer 81

Biotite | Muscovite