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Earth Science Praxis Exam: Earth Unit > The Solid Earth - Chapter 1: Igneous Rocks > Flashcards

The Solid Earth - Chapter 1: Igneous Rocks Flashcards

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1
Q

Igneous rocks form when ____ cools and crystallizes

A

Magma

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2
Q

Igneous (molten) rock consists primary of the elements found in ____ material

A

Silicate

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3
Q

Because the magma body is ____ dense than the surrounding rocks, it works its way toward the surface

A

Less

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4
Q

When magma occasionally breaks through the surface, it produces a ______ _______

A

Volcanic eruption

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5
Q

Spectacular explosions that sometimes accompany an eruption are produced by the gases or _____ that escape as the confining pressure lessens near the surface

A

Volatiles

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6
Q

This is similar to magma, except that most of the gaseous component has escaped

A

Lava

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7
Q

What are the two types of rocks that result from magma or lava?

A

Extrusive or volcanic

Intrusive or plutonic

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8
Q

These types of igneous rocks form when lava solidifies

A

Extrusive

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9
Q

These types of rock form when magma crystallizes at depth

A

Intrusive

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10
Q

Magma may contain suspended _____ and a gaseous component

A

Crystals

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11
Q

The liquid portion of a magma body is composed of (ions/atoms) that move freely

A

Ions

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12
Q

What happens to the ions as magma cools and they being to crystallize?

A

The ions arrange themselves into patterns

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13
Q

What is a primary influence on the size of crystals?

A

The cooling rate

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14
Q

When magma cools slowly, relatively ___ centers of crystal growth develops

A

Few

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15
Q

Slow cooling allows ions to ____ over distance

A

Migrate

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16
Q

Slow cooling results in the formation of rather ____ crystals. (large/small)

A

Large

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17
Q

When cooling occurs rapidly, the ions lose their motion and readily ___

A

combine

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18
Q

Quick cooling results in a large number of tiny crystals that all compete for the available _____

A

ions

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19
Q

The outcome of rapid cooling is the formation of a solid mass composed of _____ intergrown crystalls

A

small

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20
Q

Rocks that consist of unordered atoms are referred to as ___

A

glass

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21
Q

This is used to describe the overall appearance of the rock based on the size and arrangement of its interlocking crystals

A

Texture

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22
Q

The rate of cooling is (quick/slow) in magma chambers deep within the crust

A

Slow

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23
Q

The rate of cooling is (quick/slow) for a thin layer of lava upon the earth’s surface

A

Quick

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24
Q

Igneous rocks that form at the earth’s surface or as small masses within the upper crust have a very _________ texture

A

fine grained

25
Q

The spherical or elongated openings left my gas bubbles trapped as magma solidifies

A

vesicles

26
Q

In the ____ (upper/lower) zone of a lava flow, cooling occurs rapidly enough to “freeze” the lava and preserve the openings produced by expanding gas bubbles

A

Upper

27
Q

A name for rocks that form in the upper zone of a lava flow and have preserved openings

A

Scoria

28
Q

When large masses of magma solidify far below the surface, they form igneous rocks that exhibit a _______ texture

A

coarse-grained

29
Q

Do all minerals within a magma crystallize at the same rate?

A

No

30
Q

A rock that has large crystals embedded in a matrix of smaller crystals, probably from a partially cooled eruption has a ______ texture

A

Porphyritic

31
Q

Rapid cooling may generate rock with a ____ texture when the ions do not have sufficient time to unite

A

glassy

32
Q

An example of a volcanic rock that often exhibits a glassy texture (often found in obsidian)

A

Pumice

33
Q

Because of the large percentage of voids, many samples of pumice will (float/sink) when placed in water

A

Float

34
Q

The mineral makeup of igneous rock is determined by the _____ composition of the magma from which it crystallized

A

Chemical

35
Q

True or false: a singular magma might produce rocks of varying mineral content

A

True

36
Q

An arrangement of minerals that take place in order based on cooling rates from one magma

A

Bowen’s reaction series

37
Q

Olivine forms at a (higher/lower temperature)

A

Higher

38
Q

What four types of igneous rock would form in order from highest temperature (first to crystallize) to lowest temperature (last to crystallize)?

A

Ultramafic
Basaltic
Andesitic
Granitic

39
Q

Name a mineral formed in ultramafic rock

A

Olivine

40
Q

What are two names for basaltic rock?

A

Basalt

Gabbro

41
Q

What type of rock will biotite mica form? (Basaltic or Andesitic)?

A

Andesitic

42
Q

Name two types of granitic rock

A

Rhyolite

Granite

43
Q

Name three common minerals for granitic rock in the last stage of cooling

A

Potassium feldspar
Muscovite Mica
Quartz

44
Q

The remaining (last) melt of crystallization will have a high ____ content, which eventually crystallizes as quartz

A

Silica

45
Q

True or false: at one or more stages of the crystallization process, a separation of the solid and liquid components of a magma can occur

A

True

46
Q

If the earlier formed materials are denser (heavier) than the liquid portion and settle to the bottom of the magma chamber (happens often with dark silicates like olivine and pyroxene)

A

Crystal setting

47
Q

The process of developing more than one rock type from a common magma

A

Magmatic differentiation

48
Q

The first minerals to crystallize form rocks that are higher in iron (Fe) and Magnesium (Mg) and are lower in _____.

A

Silica

49
Q

The iron content of ultramafic rocks and mafic rocks makes them appear ____

A

Darker

50
Q

The term _____ is derived from Mg and Fe

A

Mafic

51
Q

Another term used to describe mafic rocks, named after one of the common resulting rocks

A

Basaltic

52
Q

_____ is the most common extrusive igneous rock

A

Basalt

53
Q

The upper layers of the oceanic crust consist primary of ____

A

basalt

54
Q

The first minerals to crystallize produce rocks that are mainly consisting of ____

A

feldspar and silica

55
Q

The term ____ is applied to granitic rocks

A

Felsic

56
Q

_____ is the best known igneous rock

A

Granite

57
Q

Because ____ is tough to erode, it is often the core of eroded mountains

A

Granite

58
Q

The fine-grained volcanic equivalent of granite

A

Rhyolite

Earth Science Praxis Exam: Earth Unit (70 decks)

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