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ANSC 4560 > The social behaviour of the dog/cat > Flashcards

The social behaviour of the dog/cat Flashcards

1
Q

Social cognition

A

the processes specific to knowing and acting on information about social companions
- e.g. cats altering behaviour when they are on a routine and expect humans at a certain time (feeding schedule)

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2
Q

What other animals are capable of inter-specific communication with humans?

A

non-human primates and dolphins

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3
Q

Interspecific communication between humans and dogs/cats

A
  • proximal dynamic pointing; proximal momentary pointing
  • distal dynamic pointing; distal momentary pointing
Proximal = close by
Distal = further away
  • latency of looking at owner, duration of looking at owner, latency of looking at experimenter, duration looking at experimenter

Dogs performed better in every instance - dogs are far more keyed into satisfying humans

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4
Q

Difference between dogs/cats (warmth)

A

cats - will come and cuddle if the blanket on your lap looks warm/comfy (correspondence)
dogs - will do things to try and get you to interact (reciprocity)

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5
Q

Why is there a difference in the human-dog/cat bond?

A

natural social relationships (dog-dog)

  • level of domestication
  • early experience/socialization (we tend to get cats when they are older from non-genetic purpose breeding)
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6
Q

Natural social relationships - dogs

A
  • live in packs with complex social relationships (work together)
  • cooperative hunting groups/scavengers
  • dominance/hierarchal structure (clear hierarchy)

–> dogs are more innately good as parts of our family since they already live in families

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7
Q

Natural social relationships - cats

A
  • solitary with few social relationships
  • independent hunters
  • feral cats = some dominant structure (depends how much resource is available)
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8
Q

Domestication of the dog

A

12,000-20,000 BC

  • opportunistic food scavenging in nomadic human camps
  • -> hunting support and guidance
  • artificial selection for tameness (most friendly stayed around)
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9
Q

Domestication of the cat

A

8000-12,000 BC

  • attracted to human settlements due to prey availability (mice, rats)
  • -> maintaining low vermin levels
  • hunger and play overlap (innate hunting behaviour) - may be the reason indoor cats are highly stressed
  • self-selective process for domestication
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10
Q

Communication between cats

A
  • cats have well developed signals to indicate approach/avoidance
  • these signals can be very subtle and humans sometimes have a hard time reading them
  • cats lack play signal (dogs=play bow)
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11
Q

All canids communicate using

A
  • facial expressions
  • body postures
  • tail wagging
  • vocalization
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12
Q

Affect of artificial selection of dog communication?

A

10,000+ years of artificial selection has reduced the signalling ability of domestic dogs
- tail docking, ear cropping, brachycephalic, grooming (can’t see ears/eyes)

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13
Q

Examples of non-domesticated species

A

corsac fox, culbeo, wolf (depicts clear aggressive tendencies), black backed jackal, dingo, sechuran zorro

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14
Q

Sensitivity of cat/dog to human social cues depends on?

A
  1. preparedness
  2. human interaction during development
  3. learning (about our specific routines)
  • depend on experience and socialization with humans
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15
Q

owner attitude towards the cat is changing in what direction?

A
  • most popular pet
  • more controlled breeding
  • enhanced positive attitudes towards cats
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16
Q

Define feeding

A

act of consuming food

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17
Q

Feeding behaviour depends on:

A
  • action/reaction
  • quality/quantity
  • physiological/psychological state
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18
Q

How do the behaviour around feeding time differ in dogs/cats?

A

dogs - engage, try to get attention, very bowl focused

cats - show affection

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19
Q

Feeding behaviour is controlled by?

A
  • hypothalamus
  • cerebral cortex
  • limbic system
  • basal ganglia
  • brain stem, medulla oblongata
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20
Q

What part of the brain initiates feeding behaviour?

A

lateral hypothalamus

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21
Q

What part of the brain inhibits feeding behaviour?

A

ventromedial hypothalamus

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22
Q

What role does the cerebral cortex play in feeding behaviour?

A

motor patterns with both hunger/satiety

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23
Q

What role does the limbic system play in feeding behaviour?

A

controls what’s going on in the GI tract

- signalling hunger/satiety and controlling movement through

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24
Q

Feeding signals include

A
  • metabolites in extracellular fluid (blood)
  • lack of impulses from alimentary tract (mechanoreceptors, limbic system)
  • blood glucose levels (stimulates insulin release –> satiety)
  • gherkin acts on neurons within arcute nucleus
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25
Q

Metabolites in blood which signal fullness?

A

insulin and leptin

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26
Q

Metabolites in blood which signal hunger?

A

glucagon

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27
Q

Satiety signals include

A
  • gastric fill
  • products of digestions (AA, FA, vitamins/minerals)
  • adiposity signals (leptin, insulin, amylin)
  • satiety hormones (immediate action) –> cholecystokinin, glucagon-like peptide 1 and 2, glucagon
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28
Q

Physiological state affecting feeding behaviour?

A

gestating, lactating, growing, febrile response

- higher drive for energy consumption

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29
Q

Overall nutritional status affect on feeding behaviour?

A

obese (+/- energy balance) or starved

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30
Q

What led dogs to human settlements?

A

opportunistic food scavenging

- selected for more hungry, less picky and motivated dogs

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31
Q

Canid predatory behaviour

A
  • hunt in packs
  • omnivorous (eat by-products first)
  • medium-large size prey
  • can consume 24 hour energy requirement in a few minutes (opportunistic hunters/scavengers)
  • can be deprived of food for several days
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32
Q

Feline predatory behaviour

A
  • solitary hunters
  • obligate carnivores
  • seek small prey (e.g. mice, rats, birds)

mouse/small bird = ~30kcal ME (a cat requires ~200kcal/day –> 8-12 mice/day)

  • cannot go days without food
  • -> breakdown of fat –> hepatic lipidosis –> death (liver becomes overwhelmed)
  • cats will still hunt even if fed
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33
Q

Feeding patterns - cats vs. dogs

A

dogs eat fewer, larger and more variable meals

34
Q

Cat feeding patterns

A
  • 12-20 meals/day

- dark and light periods

35
Q

Dog feeding patterns

A
  • 4-8 meals/day

- light period; some breeds will feed at night

36
Q

Water intake differences in dogs vs. cats?

A

dogs drink more water (per kg BW)

37
Q

Drinking patterns in cats

A
  • can concentrate urine
  • re-hydrate after drinking sea water
  • slower to initiate drinking
  • slower to completely rehydrate
38
Q

When are dogs most likely to drink?

A

only during the day

39
Q

When will cats consume water?

A

both light/dark periods

40
Q

Is there a correlation between eating and drinking periods in cats?

A

No

41
Q

Two alternative and opposing feeding strategies?

A
  1. primary effect

2. novelty effect

42
Q

Primary effect

A

eat whatever mother eats

43
Q

Novelty effect

A

“ou that’s new, let’s try it”

- initial spike, then decrease

44
Q

Neophilic

A

variety of flavours in diet during developing

- open to trying new things

45
Q

Neophobic

A

one dietary flavour during development

- don’t like new things

46
Q

Environment and selection affect on food selection

A

stress and availability

47
Q

Are cats capable in detecting imbalanced diets?

A

No

- within one offering of an imbalanced protein will choose not to eat this in pigs

48
Q

What is learned taste aversion?

A

learn what to avoid rather than what to consume

- response heightened in herbivores –> more poisonous plants

49
Q

Dogs are anatomically carnivores, but have many metabolic characteristics of a omnivore - differences in dietary choice attributed to lack of?

A

metabolic pressure during evolution

50
Q

Where are taste buds located?

A

papillae on surface of tongue

51
Q

Quantity of taste buds in cats vs. dogs vs humans

A

cat - 473
dog - 1700
human - 9000

52
Q

What tastes can cats detect?

A

sour, bitter, salty

53
Q

What tastes can dogs detect?

A

sour, bitter, salty, sweet

54
Q

Talents of the tongue?

A
  1. Detect:
    - texture of food
    - temperature of food
  2. ladle to pick up for and liquids
  3. heat regulator for dogs (panting)
  4. grooming in cats
55
Q

What do cats have a taste preference for?

A

AA and peptides (proteins)

56
Q

Why can cats not detect sweet taste?

A

lack T1R2

- 1 of 2 protein receptors used for detecting sweetness

57
Q

What taste of cats more sensitive to?

A

bitterness

  • rancidity detection (selection of fresh meat)
  • dogs will consume rancid diets
58
Q

Sense of smell in cats vs. humans

A
  • 14x greater

- 2x the number of olfactory receptors in nose

59
Q

Sense of smell in dogs vs. humans

A
  • 1000x greater

- 220 million olfactory receptors vs. 5 million

60
Q

What are vibrissae?

A

whiskers

61
Q

What is the role of vibrissae?

A

Aid in navigation and sensation

  • richly supplied with nerve endings at their roots
  • can be a bother to cats if they hit the edge of bowl (transfer irritating sensations to the brain making it hard to continue eating)
62
Q

What is known as the 6th sense?

A

Vomeronasal Organ (Jacobsen’s)

63
Q

What is the role of the vomeronasal organ?

A
  • relay info about smell to the brain
  • primarily pertaining to pheromones but also social and feeding interactions
  • Flehmen response
64
Q

What is the flehmen response used for?

A

to detect pheromones or other aromatic compounds

65
Q

Controlling feed intake in cats

A

Unclear results regarding the ability of cats to regulate feed intake in response to the caloric content of the feed being consumed

  • do well with water dilution and an increase/decrease in fat
  • do poorly with diluting diet with cellulose and kaolin (indigestible ash)
66
Q

Controlling feed intake in dogs

A

Successfully adjust feed intake to match requirements as the energy density of the diet increases/decreases (e.g. dilution with fiber)
- only tolerate a maximum of 10% dilution

67
Q

Why are feed trials useful?

A

give general understanding of liking/preference of one food over another in a research setting

68
Q

Is the research setting really realistic?

A

Not really

- dogs used in feed trials aren’t typical of the average dog

69
Q

Why is “feeding time” important

A

owners often make decisions in terms of how animal behaves at feeding time (e.g. excited behaviour)

70
Q

1 reason owners switch diet?

A

palatability concerns

71
Q

What parts of the brain a) initiate and b) inhibit feeding behaviour?

A

a) lateral hypothalamus

b) ventromedial hypothalamus

72
Q

In general cats have been subjected to less selection than dogs. What are some ways humans have selected for traits of domesticated dogs that have reduced their ability to communicate?

A

tail docking, ear cropping, grooming, brachycephalic breeds

73
Q

What are 3 overlaying themes that contribute to the difference in cat/dog social cognition and the human-pet bond?

A
  1. natural social relationships
  2. level of domestication
  3. early experience and socialization
74
Q

What is the role of feline vibrissae?

A
  • helo to aid in navigation/sensation
  • composed of many nerve ending at their roots allowing them to send sensations to brain
    E.g. when a cats whiskers touch the food bowl, it may send irritated sensations to the brain which may make it difficult to continue eating
75
Q

How do cats and dogs differ in communication?

A
  • cats are very subtle creatures, and humans have a harder time picking up on their cues
  • dogs use facial and body postures much more readily, which humans find easier to read
  • cat’s lack play signals
  • dogs can bark, wag their tail and bow to initiate play
76
Q

How do feeding and drinking patterns differ in cats/dogs?

A
  • dogs eat fewer, larger meals while cats eat smaller, more frequent meals
  • dogs eat only during leith periods, cat swill eat during light and dark periods
  • dogs consume more water
    (only during the day)
77
Q

What special structure do cats have as a way to relay information about pheromones to the brain and what is the name of the response they show when performing this?

A

Vomeronasal Organ

- Flehmen response

78
Q

Briefly describe 2 opposing feeding strategies

A
  1. primacy effect - eat what mom eats

2. novelty effect - preference to eat new foods

79
Q

Why is the response to learned taste aversion heightened in herbivores and omnivores?

A

More likely to consume toxins and anti-nutritional factors due to the plant component of their diet
- since many plants produce toxins

80
Q

How does the predatory behaviour of canine and felines affect how they are fed?

A

Canines:
- hunt in packs, omnivores, medium-large sized prey, can consume 24 hours requirement in a few minutes, can be deprived of food for several days

Felines:
- solitary hunters, obligatory carnivores, seek small prey, will hunt even if they aren’t hungry, can’t go long periods of time without food

  • Cats should be fed multiple small meals a day (12-20)
  • dogs are better adapted to the human lifestyle and can be fed less frequently
  • cats can have food throughout entire day (night and day)
  • dogs prefer eating in light periods

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