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ANSC 4560 > GI Health > Flashcards

GI Health Flashcards

1
Q

What is a powerful tool for managing GI health and disease?

A

Nutrition

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2
Q

Fibre promotes intestinal health and helps manage intestinal conditions through:

A
  • benefits of fermentation
  • bacterial effects (FOS,MOS)
  • intestinal immune effects
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3
Q

Role of probiotics?

A

enhance intestinal fermentation and produce beneficial SCFA

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4
Q

What do FAs play an important role in?

A

managing intestinal inflammation

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5
Q

What is fiber?

A
  • non-digestible
  • plant based
  • complex carb
  • variable composition, fermentability, solubility
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6
Q

Where does nutrient uptake take place?

A

small intestine

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7
Q

Fermentable fibers fed to dogs result in?

A

increased SA of gut –> increased absorptive area –> increased nutrient uptake

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8
Q

What is dysbiosis?

A

bacterial imbalance in the GI tract

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9
Q

What is microbiota?

A

bacterial cells in mammalian GI tract

  • SIBG = small intestinal bacterial growth
  • greatly out number host cells
  • account for ~95% of cells
  • ~500 different species
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10
Q

What is the problem associated with bacteria in the small intestine?

A

When there is too much

–> chronic diarrhea

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11
Q

What is FOS?

A

fructooligosaccharide

  • linear chains of fructose units, linked by beta (2-1) bonds
  • naturally occurring fiber in plants (onions, chicory, garlic)
  • resist digestion and are fermented to form SCFA, L-lactate, CO2, hydrogen –> gas production
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12
Q

Large available source of FOS?

A

Chicory

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13
Q

Effects of fermentable fiber on large intestine?

A

provision of energy and pathogen overgrowth

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14
Q

What form of energy do canine enterocytes prefer?

A

butyrate (SCFA)

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15
Q

What form of energy do other species’ enterocytes utilize?

A

glucose or glutamine

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16
Q

What is the importance of butyrate for dogs?

A

intestinal cells are designed for butyrate utilization and therefore, thrive on a diet that provides butyrate

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17
Q

Influence of cellulose on colonic histology?

A

Poorly fermentable

–> Cryptitis

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18
Q

Cryptitis

A

inflammation at the base of the crypt preventing proper maturation of cells coming out of the crypt and moving up the villi

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19
Q

Influence of beet pulp on conolic histology?

A

Moderate fermentability

–> healthy gut

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20
Q

Influence of pectin on colonic histology?

A

Higher fermentable

–> exfoliation

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21
Q

What is exfoliation of the intestine?

A

Cells of the villi slough too early

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22
Q

Conclusions made from the canine colonic microstructure study?

A
  • dogs fed fermentable fiber have a greater colon mass (per kg BW)
  • colonic surface area:mass ratio was increased in dogs fed fermentable fiber –> increasing absorptive capacity of small/large intestine
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23
Q

Roles of SCFAs in GI health?

A

dietary fiber and beneficial intestinal bacteria –> SCFA –> energy source and inhibits pathogenic bacteria

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24
Q

Which type of bacteria uses FOS as an energy source?

A

Only good (lactobacillus, bifidobacterium) but not bad (salmonella, E.coli)

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25
Q

Poor and unbalanced bacterial communities can lead to?

A

pathologies such as:

  • autoimmunity
  • allergy
  • metabolic disorders
  • -> immune disorders
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26
Q

What is FOS responsible for increasing in the canine intestine?

A

intestinal bifidobacteria and lactobacilli

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27
Q

What does FOS promote the growth of?

A

B. animalis AHC7

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28
Q

What is MOS?

A

Mannanoligosaccharide

  • yeast cell wall extract from saccharomyces
  • highly branched chains of mango-pyranoside residues
  • backbone linkages are alpha-1,6
  • side chain linkages are alpha-1,2 and alpha-1,3
  • resistant to small intestinal digestion
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29
Q

What is the function of MOS?

A

bind pathogens and compete for intestinal attachment

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30
Q

The combination of what can help to increase beneficial bacteria while decrease pathogenic bacteria?

A

FOS + beet pulp + MOS + proven probiotic

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31
Q

What is GALT?

A

gut associated lymphoid tissue

  • local immune response
  • extensive gut immune system making it the largest immune organ in the body
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32
Q

What is GALT composed of?

A
  • mesenteric lymph nodes (T cells)
  • intestinal epithelium (T cells)
  • Peyer’s patches (B cells)
  • Lamina propria (B cells)
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33
Q

Benefit of moderately fermentable fiber?

A

Increased T cells from PBMC

34
Q

Benefit of low fermentable fiber?

A

Increased T cells from Peyer’s patches

35
Q

Feeding fermentable fiber results in?

A
  • higher mitogen response in T cells from peripheral blood = enhances general health
  • lower mitogen response in T cells from payer’s patches = decrease in local inflammatory reaction
36
Q

What might low fermentable fiber reflect?

A

bacterial translocation in the gut

37
Q

Why is gut health so important?

A

~70% of the immune system is related to the GI tract

38
Q

What happens in healing process is fully eliminated?

A

Not good - important for healing process (all about balance)

39
Q

What is an example of omega 3 and its role?

A

EPA

- less inflammatory substances (PG3, TX3, LT5)

40
Q

What is an example of omega 6 and its role?

A

Arachidonic acid

- more inflammatory substances (PG2, TX2, LT4)

41
Q

PG

A

prostaglandins

42
Q

TX

A

thromboxanes

43
Q

LT

A

leukotrienes

44
Q

What does fermentable fiber optimize?

A

GALT immune response

45
Q

What provide large amounts of butyrate?

A

FOS and beet pulp

46
Q

What are two benefits to FOS and beet pulp?

A

increased absorptive area and nutrient uptake

47
Q

What is FOS’ function?

A

increase beneficial bacteria and decrease pathogenic bacteria

48
Q

What is MOS’ function?

A

to provide alternative binding site for pathogens

49
Q

What is a probiotic?

A

LIVE microorganism which when consumed in adequate amounts as part of a food confer a health benefit on the host

50
Q

Culturally relevant probiotics around the world?

A

Kim chi and beer (things that are fermented)

51
Q

Effects of pathogenic bacteria

A

pathogen –> detected by DCs –> systemic inflammatory signals –> increased inflammatory response of systemic tissues (GI/skin/brain/joints)

52
Q

Role of probiotics?

A

To displace pathogens:

  • probiotic –> lack of systemic pro-inflammatory signals –> no inflammatory response in systemic tissues (GI/skin/brain/joints)
  • probiotic –> systemic anti-inflammatory signals –> systemic tissues –> decreased inflammatory response
53
Q

Probiotics affect?

A
  • skin/coat
  • digestive system
  • joint health
  • immune health
54
Q

Benefit of probiotic on skin/coat?

A

barrier function

55
Q

Benefit of probiotic on digestive system?

A
  • optimize microbial ecology

- improve stool consistency

56
Q

Benefit of probiotic on joint health?

A
  • mobility

- gut associated inflammation –> systemic inflammation

57
Q

Benefit of probiotic on immune health?

A
  • delayed type hypersensitivity (e.g. decrease in allergic response)
58
Q

Important characteristics of successful probiotics?

A
  • stability
  • survivability
  • ability to colonize
  • species specificity
  • anti-pathogen effects
  • safety
  • clinical efficacy
59
Q

Probiotic stability

A
  • withstand processing, storage (extrusion - high heat, pressure, moisture)
  • survive passage to target site
  • ability to adhere to mucosa, colonize tract
60
Q

Probiotic survivability

A

At the end of shelf life, guaranteed X amount of live bacteria needs to be present

61
Q

Probiotic ability to colonize

A

timing of colonization is important

- frequency must be maintained

62
Q

Probiotic species specificity

A

human probiotic given to a dog probably isn’t effective

63
Q

Probiotic anti-pathogen effects

A

able to compete with pathogen bacteria in colon

64
Q

Probiotic clinical efficacy

A
  • partial fermentation of fiber substrates
  • anti-pathogen effects
  • clinical results
  • -> clinically relevant model:
  • species specific
  • targeted to improve specific conditions
65
Q

When might it be a good idea to use a probiotic?

A

stressful or diarrhea conditions

66
Q

Stressful conditions for an animal might include

A
  • boarding
  • food transition
  • travel
  • environment change (new home, visitors)
  • performance (shows, field trials)
  • surgery
67
Q

Why is the use of probiotics with surgery useful?

A

Use of pre- and probiotics to maximize immune response animal is going to have and minimize pathogenic bacteria that may pose a threat

68
Q

Common causes of acute diarrhea?

A
  • diet induced (e.g. big change in protein)
  • infectious
  • parasites (which compromise guts immune response)
69
Q

Common causes of chronic diarrhea?

A

malabsorptive or maldigestive

70
Q

Are all probiotics created equal?

A

Analysis of labels and bacterial count to ensure what they were saying on label was substantiated

  • list live microorganisms and expected bacterial counts
  • only 2 studied had an effective label (Prostora by Iams and FortiFlora by purina)
71
Q

Synbiotics

A

concurrent use of dietary probiotics with probiotic supplements

72
Q

Shared microbiome

A

dog owners have more similar microbiome to other dog owners when compared to non-dog owners
- sharing microbiome with dog

73
Q

True or false - propionate is an important VFA for GI health in dogs?

A

False

- thrive on butyrate

74
Q

Give 2 examples of probiotics and describe their characteristics

A
  1. FOS - increases beneficial bacteria and decreases pathogenic bacteria
    - pathogens are unable to metabolize FOS and use it as an energy source, while beneficial bacteria can
  2. MOS - binds to pathogens and competes for attachment sites on the intestinal cell wall
    - also provides alternate binding site for pathogens
75
Q

Briefly describe the effects of fiber fermentability on colonic histology and provide an example of each type of fiber

A

poorly fermentable - results in cryptitis, inflammation of the crypts that prevents proper maturation of regenerating cells
E.g. cellulose

moderately fermentable - results in healthy villi with no areas of inflammation
E.g. beet pulp

Highly fermentable - results in increased exfoliation, when the cells of the villi slough off too early or quickly
E.g. pectin

76
Q

Explain the phrase ‘you are what you eat’

A

This refers to the fact that FAs are incorporated into our cell membranes therefore the omega ratio we consume is reflective of our dietary ratio

77
Q

What does FOS stand for? General route of metabolism of FOS? What roles does the metabolite play?

A

a. fructooligosaccharide
b. FOS is a fiber that resists digestion and is fermented to form SCFAs, L-lactate, CO2, H
c. SCFAs provide energy to the beneficial bacteria, and inhibit pathogenic bacteria (through pH balance)

78
Q

What is the importance of intestinal butyrate for dogs and how does this differ from other species?

A

enterocytes in the intestine actively use butyrate for energy and will therefore thrive on a butyrate rich diet
- other species’ enterocytes typically use glucose or glutamine

79
Q

True or false - dog diets that include prebiotic fiber will have an underestimated ME content?

80
Q

Define dybiosis and identify the problem and significant of the problem associated with dysbiosis in dogs?

A

bacterial imbalance in the GI tract

  • the problem is there are too many pathogenic bacteria in the upper small intestine
  • the significance of this problem in dogs is that it is associated to chronic diarrhea

ANSC 4560 (9 decks)

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