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ANSC 4560 > Body weight management > Flashcards

Body weight management Flashcards

1
Q

What factors are important when considering obesity management

A
  • diet
  • owner recognition
  • realistic goals
  • dog-owner relationship
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2
Q

Energy intake is equal to

A

Energy intake = RMR + voluntary activity + TEF

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3
Q

Internal signals that affect energy intake

A
  • gastric distension
  • physiological response to stimuli
  • physiological satiety and hunger cues
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4
Q

External signals that affect energy intake

A
  • food availability
  • timing and size of meals
  • food composition and texture
  • diet palatability
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5
Q

Food intake + food expenditure –>

A

weight gain, weight maintenance or weight loss

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6
Q

factors affecting resting metabolic rate

A
  • reduced energy intake
  • genetics
  • disease
  • fat free mass
  • hormonal status
  • extreme temperature
  • hindgut microflora
  • age
  • growth
  • sleep
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7
Q

% of cats that are overweight

A

53%

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8
Q

% of dogs that are overweight

A

55%

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9
Q

What factors affect weight control

A
  1. compliance
    - works great in clinical studies, but ~20% compliance
  2. excess intake
    - weight is associated with owner perception of use of treats and favourite food
  3. owner factors
    - obese dogs are treated differently and have a different “role” than normal weight dogs
    - obese dogs were anthropomorphized to a greater extent
  4. competitive eating in multi-pet households
  5. physical activity
    - play –> leaner pets
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10
Q

Methods of obtaining + or - energy balance

A
  • dietary energy management throughout life cycle through dietary energy intake and energy output
  • monitoring of BW and body composition (observe and alter feed intake –> 3/5)
  • owner education (on lifespan and quality of life)
  • reasonable and safe guidelines
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11
Q

Bench mark in energy requirements

A

maintenance

  • important to understand management
  • make thoughtful adjustments and look at sensitivity to gain/lose weight
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12
Q

Energy requirement for late gestation

A

1.25-1.5 x maintenance

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13
Q

Energy requirement for lactation

A

3 x maintenance

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14
Q

Energy requirement for prolonged physical work

A

2-4 x maintenance

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15
Q

Decreased environmental temperature

A

1.2-1.8 x maintenance

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16
Q

Energy requirement for cats

A 
ME = K x BW
K = 50 for sedentary; 60 = active; 70 = very active
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17
Q

Tools used to monitor body condition in dogs/cats

A
  1. dual energy x-ray absorptiometry (DEXA)

2. assessment if lean body tissue

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18
Q

Dual energy x-ray absorptimetry (DEXA)

A
  • measures fat mass

- differentiates between fat and lean mass (tissue and muscle)

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19
Q

Assessment of lean body tissue

A
  • helps to determine body condition score

- separately evaluate muscle mass (palpate muscle over axial skeleton, bony prominences)

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20
Q

Other tools owners use to monitor body condition?

A
  • home scales (typically not accurate for small dogs/cats)

- “ideal body weights” are usually a subjective guess

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21
Q

What should be involved in educating an owner on wellness?

A
  • education (consumer/owner on importance of maintaining lean BW)
  • repetition
  • encouragement (what get’s better between family and animal?)
  • “tact” (talk about the animal without actually referring to them)
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22
Q

Owners of pets that are overweight are ? more likely to be overweight themselves

A

3x

23
Q

Perception vs. reality

A
  • owners don’t recognize obesity and it they do, they don’t think it’s a problem
  • vets identify less (could be a potential for confounding - majority aren’t coming in for wellness exam)
24
Q

Communication is essential for success

A
  • comment only about the pet
  • listen, empathize
  • be realistic and individualize plans (exercise capacity, timeline)
  • encourage, recheck
25
Q

Obstales in successful weight loss

A
  • where do you start to ensure success and how do you track progress?
  • food best provided on a weight basis, but this is not how owners feed
  • difficult to track weight accurately in small animals
  • owner behaviour
  • effective communication of risk assessment and understanding how weight affects quality of life
26
Q

human-animal bond facilitates weight loss

A

Simultaneously recommend weight loss routines –> better results when they do it together
- people who walk their dogs tend to be leaner than non-dog owners

27
Q

Reasonable weight loss rate in cats

A

1-1.5% BW per week

- possible hepatic lipidosis

28
Q

Reasonable weight loss rate in dogs

A

1-3% BW per week

29
Q

Criteria for safe weight loss in dogs/cats:

A
  • reasonable rate of weight loss
  • compliance
  • avoid side effects
  • safety
  • lose fat, maintain muscle
30
Q

Pet obesity formulation principles

A
  1. reduced fat
  2. L-carnitine
  3. carbohydrate blend
  4. fermentable fiber blend
31
Q

Reducing caloric density

A
  • reduce fat (but maintain protein - meet or exceed on BW basis to support lean body mass)
  • decrease bulk density (“big fluffy kibble”)
  • increase fiber
32
Q

Why is reducing caloric density beneficial?

A

Can feed to the same amount per day but providing less calories

33
Q

Reduced fat claim

A
  • contains x% less fat (compared to…) to promote health weight loss
  • complete and balanced nutrition for healthy weight
34
Q

Role L-carnitine plays in weight loss

A

Facilitates B-oxidation of fatty acids

  • vitamin-like substances found in animal protein
  • facilitates transport of LCFAs across mitochondrial membrane for B-oxidation and export of acetyl-CoA out of mitchondria
35
Q

L-carnitine claim in dogs

A
  • enhanced with L-carnitine to help burn fat and keep a dog at healthy weight
  • contains lower fat levels and L-carnitine to help burn fat and maintain healthy weight
  • dietary L-carnitine to help burn fat
36
Q

Is L-carnitine AAFCO recognized?

A

Yes

37
Q

L-carnitine claim in cats

A
  • enhanced with L-carnitine to help burn fat and keep your cat at a healthy weight
  • contains lower levels of fat and L-carnitine to help burn fat and maintain healthy weight
38
Q

L-carnitine take home message

A
  • supplementation during maintenance may help to promote fatty acid oxidation and maintain lean mass; however in vivo studies in dogs at maintenance are lacking
  • carnitine deficiency could be linked to cardiac problems in dogs/cats
39
Q

Recommended carbohydrate blend for weight loss

A

blends of low and moderate GI carbs

  • barley, sorghum, peas, lentils = low
  • corn = moderate
40
Q

Benefits of carbohydrate blends

A

helps even out glucose highs and lows by providing slow, steady rise in blood sugar after a meal

41
Q

What is high glucose associated with?

A

obesity and diabetes

42
Q

Dog carbohydrate claims

A
  • scientifically blended carbs that can help nutritionally manage appetite by maintaining normal blood sugar levels
  • carb blend to help maintain normal blood sugar levels for weight control
  • helps promote healthy glucose metabolism

–> Normal = very SUBJECTIVE term

43
Q

Cat carbohydrate claims

A
  • a special blend of carbs to keep your cat feeling full
  • carbohydrate blend to help maintain normal blood sugar levels for weight control
  • helps promote healthy glucose metabolism
44
Q

Effect of fermentable fiber on body?

A

Stimulates insulin release in response to glucose

SCFA –> pro-glucagon –> GLP-1 –> insulin –> decreased glucose

45
Q

Fermentable fiber take home message?

A

increases synthesis and secretion of intestinal peptides that can improve intestinal nutrient transport capacity and stimulate insulin secretion to avoid high levels of blood glucose

46
Q

Nutrition and health management plan

A

water, promotion of physical activity, control of food intake and monitor on an individual basis

47
Q

Name 5 components of how weight control is multi-faceted?

A
  1. compliance
  2. excessive intake
  3. physical activity
  4. owner factors
  5. competitive eating in multi pet households
48
Q

What nutrient class is important for the weight loss in cats

A

Water

- cats that drink more, tend to move more so they would be likely better at losing weight

49
Q

Obesity is partly a reflection of energy balance, and energy intake is highly variable to the affect os internal and external signals. Name 2 examples of each type of signal?

A

Internal = gastric distention, physiological response to stimuli, physiological satiety, hunger cues

External = food availability, timing and size of meals, food composition and texture, palatability

50
Q

Why is it important to carefully address weight management problems to a pet owner in a way that will encourage proper weight loss instead of discourage them? How can you effectively communicate with the owner?

A
  • sensitive subject
  • they may see it as a reflection of themselves and feel that they are being personally attacked
  • comment only about pets, listen to the owners and empathize, give them realistic and individualized plans, encourage them and recheck their progress
  • leaner pet will result in a healthier, happier and longer living pet
51
Q

What are 4 pet obesity management technologies we discussed in class?

A
  1. reduced fat - reduces caloric intake
  2. L-carnitine - burns fat
  3. carbohydrate blend - reduces glycemic load
  4. fermentable fiber - improves insulin and glucose response
52
Q

What are 3 strategies that can be used to reduce the caloric density of a cat/dog food?

A
  1. reduce fat (maintain protein on an energy basis)
  2. decrease bulk density (keep SA the same)
  3. increase fiber
53
Q

Is the criteria for safe weight loss (by % lost/week) lower in cats than dogs? Why?

A

Yes, since their liver cannot handle an excess of lipid breakdown at once (risk of hepatic lipidosis)

ANSC 4560 (9 decks)

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