Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

ANSC 4560 > Nutrition from breeding to weaning > Flashcards

Nutrition from breeding to weaning Flashcards

1
Q

Breeding to weaning - what does it take?

A

genetic soundness, facilities, nutrition, committment

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

What is considered when analyzing top health and well-being?

A

health status and body condition

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

What leads to a good health status?

A
  • physical exam
  • vaccinations
  • clear of parasites
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

How is body condition assessed?

A

Ideal body score

  • important management tool for nutrition
  • palpate adipose and muscle tissue (adipose = squishy; muscle = firm) and across lumbar
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

If bitches are thin (under condition) prior to breeding, they have an increased risk of?

A
  • misconceptions
  • small litters
  • reproductive or lactation failure
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Bitches that are heavy (over condition) prior to breeding have an increased risk of?

A
  • dystocia (difficulty whelping)

- puppy mortalities

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Which stage of life influences life span of animals?

A

gestation and early development

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

% maintenance required prior to and just following whelping?

A

150%

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

% maintenance required at peak of lactation?

A

300% - slowly work down to maintenance level around weaning

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

How much of gestation requires the same energy requirement?

A

2/3

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

As milk production decreases, what happens to energy requirements?

A

they also decrease

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Which nutrients are the most important to a puppy between 26-36 days gestational age?

A

protein, EFA and B-complex vitamins

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Which nutrients are the most important to a puppy between 40-52 days gestational age?

A

protein, EFA and glucose

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Which nutrients are the most important to a puppy between 54-62 days gestational age?

A

protein, EFA, glucose, minerals

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

What is the purpose of maternal nutrient depletion?

A

reduction of maternal nutrient stores (tissues) to meet the nutritional requirements of the developing/nursing offspring
- use of fat/lean tissue to support development and lactating periods

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Effect of maternal nutrient depletion on number of litters?

A

more litters –> status linearly declines

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

Where must EFAs be obtained from?

A

the diet (omega 3’s and 6’s)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

Where are non-essential FAs obtained from?

A

the diet or produced by the body

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

How can EFA status be assessed?

A

can look at plasma, but good indicator is the lipid bilayer

- tissue is longterm, blood is short term unless animal is actively mobilizing fat

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

Effects of reproduction on maternal EFA status

A
  • prefer to see no EFA change during gestation

BUT there is a big mobilization in energy stores and nutrients into milk so it is almost impossible to avoid nutrient deficiency in mammals during gestation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

Positive benefits of optimal omega 6: omega 3 ratio (5:1)

A
  • maternal EFA status
  • promote litter size
  • less still births
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

Where to look for adjusted 6:3 ratio?

A

fish ingredients (salmon, trout), some ocean products (not widely available), algae (only some approved strains) = suggested lower ratio

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

A guaranteed 6:3 ratio is required for which life stages?

A

gestation, lactation, puppies

- want to make sure diets are testing and guaranteeing

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

sources of puppy nutrition

A

mom’s milk and non-milk products

25
Q

Is there a substitute for wholesome bitch’s milk?

A

No

26
Q

milk replacer may be required for?

A

orphans and large litters

27
Q

Role of protein in bitch’s milk for puppy development:

A

BIOACTIVE ANTIBODIES

  • gastrointestinal tract development
  • nutrient digestion and absorption
  • defence against disease affecting the bacteria in gut
28
Q

How can the quality of protein be assessed?

A

puppies poo - colour/odor

29
Q

The diet provided to the lactating bitch should contain an:

A

optimal, highly digestive protein source “ideal protein” - in terms of AA profile

30
Q

What must be considered regarding a bitch’s diet?

A
  • protein level and source
  • fat level and composition
  • density
  • vitamins/minerals
31
Q

Which maternal diet nutrient profile guarantee is the most beneficial at optimizing weaning weight?

A

30% protein, 20% fat (higher levels)

32
Q

Does maternal dietary fatty acids have a direct/indirect effect on neonatal EFA status?

A

Direct

33
Q

Roles of DHA

A

cognitive important and observed increase in graduation rate of puppies from service organization

34
Q

Optimal diet for a lactating bitch

A 
energy density = >4400 kcalME/kg
fat = 45% of calories
protein = 27% of calories
carbohydrate = 28% of calories
fiber =
35
Q

What is the problem with diet supplements?

A

Easily altered by the addition of certain foods

  • -> Alters Ca:P ratio
  • addition of more P into diet (cottage cheese, liver)
  • could lead to milk fever (depletion of calcium stores)

–> higher energy/protein requirement - supplement with more food rather than food perceived to be a good energy/protein source

36
Q

What is the fastest way to dry a bitch up?

A

decrease caloric intake

37
Q

What drives milk synthesis?

A

milking - milk producing cells are triggered by pressure in the gland

38
Q

What is the most critical period in a puppies life?

A

the first week

- ~28% of puppies will die

39
Q

When should solid food be introduced into a puppies diet?

A

3-5 weeks

- high performance ration used for mom soaked in warm water–> gruel consistency

40
Q

Relationship between mothers milk and dry food delivery?

A

Negative association - decrease mothers milk as dry food increases

41
Q

At what age should puppies be eating completely solid food?

A

42 days

42
Q

Do large breed puppies require a special food following weaning?

A

Yes

- one that is specially designed for large breed puppies

43
Q

Can a dam be fed large breed puppy food?

A

No

  • Ca:P ratio isn’t appropriate
  • could lead to milk fever
44
Q

Macronutrient breakdown for puppies

A

Protein 28-32% - animal based
Fat 17-22% - optimal balance of 6:3 (5-10:1)
Carb 20-30% - high GI (e.g. rice)

45
Q

What can be altered to improve longevity?

A

Calorie (NOT nutrient) restriction

- nutrients are at a higher proportion/kcal

46
Q

What does over condition affect?

A
  • performance
  • grooming
  • reproduction/lactation
  • osteoarthritis
  • diabetes/insulin resistance
  • cardiovascular/respiratory function
  • immune function
  • chronic renal failure
  • feline hepatic lipidosis
  • predictor of morbidity/mortality
47
Q

veterinary visits more likely in

A
  • obese cats for non-bite lameness, diabetes, non-allergic skin disease
  • muscle loss in cats with diarrhea
48
Q

What should be done to ensure diet is being maximized?

A

weight frequently and assess daily (even more in first week or two)

49
Q

During gestation/lactation, when does % maintenance energy requirement peak? And what level does it reach?

A

300% between 2-5 weeks of lactation

50
Q

What is the EFA status and what happens to maternal EFA status as she has more litters?

A

EFA status = essential and non-essential FAs that the mother requires
- as the number of litters increases, her EFA status declines

51
Q

What are some active ways to make sure puppies achieve optimal health?

A
  • colostrum ingestion
  • suckling reflex and observe nursing
  • check hydration daily (gum check and skin tenting)
  • weigh daily and keep record
52
Q

What are some strategies around weaning and how to decrease milk production?

A
  • remove puppies from bitch (reduced pressure due to sucking decreases milk production)
  • decrease bitch’s caloric intake which will decrease milk production
53
Q

When considering a diet specific to protein and fat composition, which percentage is most beneficial (30% P and 20% F OR 27% P and 12%F). Explain how it related to puppy weaning weight and maternal body fat stores at weaning?

A

30:20 - average weaning weight and maternal body fat stores were maintained

–> a much more similar ratio in terms of fat and protein is beneficial

54
Q

What is the optimal omega 6:3 ratio for a lactating bitch?

A

5-10:1

55
Q

How will a high 6:3 ratio affect litter size and # of stillbirths?

A
  • litter size will decrease

- # of stillbirths will increase

56
Q

Which nutrient did we discuss as the most problematic when supplementing the lactating bitch’s diet with items such as cottage cheese and beed liver? What effect does adding these ingredients have on this nutrient and what is a potential problem that could arise?

A

Calcium

  • Ca:P ratio (which is guaranteed in commercial diets)
  • when separate foods are used to supplement the ratio is altered
  • could lead to milk fiver –> removal of calcium reserves –> decreased milk production
57
Q

Provide 3 reasons why wholesome bitch’s milk is superior to feeding milk substitutes?

A
  1. natural milk has an optimal AA balance
  2. nutrient digestion/absorption - bitch’s milk is highly bioavailable for puppies
  3. bitch’s milk enhances defense against disease in puppies due to bacterial transfer of immunoglobulins
58
Q

What is “agalactia” and what are the possible problems association with lactation and their solutions

A

No milk

  • lactation is very demanding for the bitch
  • this is secondary to some other causes such as (stress, poor nutrition, premature whelping, infections, psychological)
  • solutions include better nutrition (best tool), oxytocin nasal spray (helps milk let down), light sedation may help young, nervous bitches

ANSC 4560 (9 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions