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B3 CAI > The Skull, Meninges and Ventricular System > Flashcards

The Skull, Meninges and Ventricular System Flashcards

1
Q

how many bones is the skull made up of?

A

22

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2
Q

what is an example of bones in the skull not being joined by a suture?

A

TMJ - temporomandibular joint

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3
Q

what does the coronal suture join?

A

the frontal and two parietal bones

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4
Q

what does the sagittal suture join?

A

the two parietal bones in the midline

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5
Q

what does the lambdoid suture join?

A

the two parietal bones to the occipital bone

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6
Q

what is the bregma?

A

the point of intersection between the coronal and sagittal suture

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7
Q

what is the lambda?

A

the point of intersection between the sagittal and lambdoid suture

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8
Q

what do the bregma and lambda correspond to?

A

the anterior fontanelle and posterior fontanelle respectively

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9
Q

what 2 parts can the skull be divided into?

A

neurocranium and viscerocranium

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10
Q

what is the neurocranium?

A

made up of 8 bones forming the skull cap and the base of the skull, with its main function being to protect the skull

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11
Q

what does the neurocranium include?

A

8 bones: parietal x2, frontal, occipital, temporal x2, sphenoid and ethmoid bones

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12
Q

what is the viscerocranium?

A

makes up the structures of the face

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13
Q

what does the viscerocranium include?

A

14 bones: nasal x2, vomer, inferior nasal concha x2, maxilla x2, mandible, lacrimal x2, zygomatic x2 and palatine x2 bones

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14
Q

what are the 4 components of the sphenoid bone?

A

body, lesser wings, greater wings, pterygoid processes

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15
Q

what will you find in the body of the sphenoid bone?

A

the sphenoid sinus and the sella turcica

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16
Q

what are the pterygoid processes of the sphenoid bone important for?

A

the attachment of other muscles and ligaments

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17
Q

what do the foramina in the sphenoid bone allow?

A

the passage of nerves and vessels into and out of the cranial fossa

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18
Q

what are the components of the temporal bone?

A

squamous part

petrous part

tympanic part

mastoid part

styloid process

mastoid process

zygomatic process

mandibular fossa

articular tubercle

EAM and IAM

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19
Q

what is the purpose of the styloid process in the temporal bone?

A

serves as an attachment for the stylopharyngeus muscle

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20
Q

what does the mastoid process of the temporal bone contain?

A

mastoid air cells

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21
Q

what foramina does the temporal bone contain?

A

external acoustic meatus, stylomastoid foramen, internal acoustic meatus

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22
Q

what are the components of the mandible bone?

A

ramus

body

angle

head

coronoid process

mental protuberance

alveolar process

mental spines

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23
Q

what are the two pairs of foramina in the mandible?

A

the mandibular foramen and the mental foramen

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24
Q

what is the mandibular foramen?

A

the entrance for the mandibular division of the trigeminal nerve (Vc) to become the inferior alveolar nerve

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25
Q

what is the mental foramen?

A

where the inferior alveolar nerve exits to become the mental nerve

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26
Q

what forms the TMJ?

A

the temporal bone and the mandible

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27
Q

what does the TMJ allow?

A

the opening and closing of the mouth, along with lateral movements such as those involved in chewing

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28
Q

what are the articular surfaces of the TMJ?

A

the mandibular fossa, articular tubercle and the head of the mandible

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29
Q

what is associated with stabilising the TMJ?

A

3 extracapsular ligaments (the lateral, sphenomandibular and stylomandibular ligament)

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30
Q

what type of joint is the TMJ?

A

a synovial joint

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31
Q

what divides the TMJ into two compartments?

A

a fibrocartilage articular disk

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32
Q

what are the two compartments of the TMJ?

A

the upper joint cavity and the lower joint cavity

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33
Q

what does the upper joint cavity of the TMJ allow?

A

forward/backward movement of the mandibular head (protrusion and retraction)

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34
Q

what does the lower joint cavity allow?

A

the hinging movement of mandibular depression and elevation

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35
Q

what is the pterion?

A

the point of union of the parietal, frontal, temporal and greater wing of the sphenoid bone, and is a weak point of the skull

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36
Q

what artery lies deep to the pterion?

A

the middle meningeal artery

37
Q

when will the anterior and posterior fontanelle close in the neonatal skull?

A

anterior fontanelle closes after 18 months, posterior fontanelle closes after 3 months

38
Q

what is the cranial vault divided into?

A

anterior fossa, middle fossa and posterior fossa

39
Q

where is the anterior fossa?

A

it runs from the frontal bone anteriorly to the lesser wings of the sphenoid bone

40
Q

where is the middle fossa?

A

it runs from posterior to the lesser wings of the sphenoid bone to the petrous ridge of the temporal bone

41
Q

where is the posterior fossa?

A

lies posteriorly to the petrous ridge back to the occipital bone

42
Q

what structures are found in the orbit?

A

eyeball, extraocular muscles that move the eyeball, the lacrimal gland

43
Q

which structure passes through the stylomastoid foramen?

A

CN VII

44
Q

what is the dura mater composed of?

A

periosteal layer and meningeal layer which are pressed together except where there are dural venous sinuses running through them

45
Q

what does the subarachnoid space contain?

A

CSF, and it is where the cerebral arteries and veins are

46
Q

what happens to meninges through the foramen magnum?

A

the cranial meninges are continous with the spinal meninges through the foramen magnum

47
Q

what is an important distinction between the cranial and spinal meninges?

A

only the meningeal layer of the dura mater is continuous with the spinal meninges through the foramen magnum

48
Q

what do the meningeal layers of the dura form?

A

several double layered folds which project inwards, separating parts of the brain - dural reflections: falx cerebri, tentorium cerebelli, diaphragm sellae, falx cerebelli, tentorial notch.

49
Q

what is the falx cerebri?

A

a crescent shaped downward projection of dura, separating the two cerebral hemispheres. anchored to ethmoid bone

50
Q

what is the falx cerebelli?

A

a small midline projection between the two cerebellar hemispheres. continuous with tentorium cerebelli

51
Q

what is the tentorium cerebelli?

A

a horizontal projection between the occipital lobes and the cerebellum

52
Q

what passes through the tentorial notch?

A

the midbrain

53
Q

what is the diaphragm sellae?

A

a horizontal shelf of dura covering the pituitary fossa, with an opening in the centre for the passage of a pituitary infundibilum

54
Q

where do the sensory branches that innervate the meninges arise from?

A

several nerves, including the trigeminal nerve (V), glossopharyngeal nerve (IX), vagus nerve (X) and upper cervical nerves (C1-C3)

55
Q

where do the dural venous sinuses run?

A

between the two layers of the dura mater

56
Q

what do the dural venous sinuses receive blood from?

A

cranial cavity, cerebral vein, emissary veins, the scalp, cranial bones, facial structures via the periorbital and pterygoid venous plexuses

57
Q

how does venous blood leave the dural venous sinuses?

A

via the sigmoid sinus into the internal jugular vein to leave the skull

58
Q

where does the superior sagittal sinus run?

A

in the superior border of the falx cerebri

59
Q

where do the cavernous sinuses lie?

A

laterally to the body of the sphenoid bone and the pituitary bone

60
Q

what does the cavernous sinus provide a route of venous drainage from?

A

the face and orbit

61
Q

what do the cavernous sinuses contain?

A

cranial nerves and the internal carotid arteries

62
Q

where can blood collect if a vessel is damaged?

A

in the spaces and potential spaces of the meningeal layers

63
Q

what is the ventricular system?

A

the fluid filled core of the CNS

64
Q

where is CSF produced?

A

the choroid plexus (in the ventricular system)

65
Q

what happens to CSF in the 4th ventricle?

A

a small amount of CSF continues into the central canal of the spinal cord, but the majority passes out into the subarachnoid space to circulate around the brain and spinal cord

66
Q

what are the components of the ventricular system?

A

two lateral ventricles, third ventrical, cerebral aqueduct, fourth ventricle, central canal of the spinal cord

67
Q

how do the lateral ventricles communicate with the third ventricle?

A

via the interventricular foramen

68
Q

what do the lateral walls of the third ventricle consist of?

A

the thalamus and hypothalamus

69
Q

what happens to the third ventricle caudally?

A

it becomes continuous with the cerebral aqueduct

70
Q

what happens to the cerebral aqueduct?

A

it extends through the midbrain linking the third and fourth ventricles

71
Q

where is the 4th ventricle located?

A

between the pons and medulla, and the cerebellum

72
Q

where exactly is CSF produced?

A

by the choroid plexus, which is located in the lateral, 3rd and 4th ventricles

73
Q

what forms the choroid plexus?

A

the pia mater in close apposition with the ependymal lining of the ventricles

74
Q

what assists flow of CSF through the ventricular system?

A

ciliated ependymal cells and arterial pulsations

75
Q

where is the majority of CSF produced?

A

in the choroid plexus in lateral ventricles

76
Q

where does the majority of CSF leave the 4th ventricle?

A

via its 3 apertures

77
Q

describe the flow of CSF from the lateral ventricles to the subarachnoid space

A

lateral ventricles to third ventricle to cerebral aqueduct to fourth ventricle to subarachnoid space

78
Q

what are arachnoid villi?

A

invaginations of arachnoid mater through the dural wall and into the lumen of the sinus

79
Q

what are the arachnoid villi sites for?

A

where reabsorption of CSF occurs, due to the hydrostatic pressure in the subarachnoid space being higher than the lumen of the sinus therefore pushing fluid into the venous blood

80
Q

what facilitates the reabsorption of CSF to the dural venous sinus?

A

a pressure gradient

81
Q

what happens to arachnoid villi with age?

A

they become hypertrophic and form arachnoid granulations

82
Q

what is hydrocephalus?

A

when blockage of the ventricular system causes build up of CSF, resulting in enlargement of the ventricles

83
Q

what can hydrocephalus lead to?

A

raised ICP causing compression and potential herniation of cranial contents

84
Q

why does hydrocephalus causing raised ICP and compression and herniation of cranial contents only occur in adults?

A

fusion of the bones means that when ICP rises, there is no room for expansion, which is not the case for infants as the bones of an infant skull are not fully fused and can therefore expand during increased pressure

85
Q

What are the muscles of mastication and what do they do?

A
86
Q

Name the foramina and what passes through them

A
87
Q

Where is the confluence of sinuses located?

A

At internal occipital protuberance.

88
Q

what are the boundaries of the cavernous sinuses?

A

Medial: sphenoid bone

Lateral: meningeal layer of dura

Roof: diaphragm sellae

Floor: endosteal/periosteal layer of dura

B3 CAI (13 decks)

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