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B3 CAI > Cerebral Cortex and Limbic System > Flashcards

Cerebral Cortex and Limbic System Flashcards

1
Q

What meningeal structure lies within the longitudinal fissure?

A

The falx cerebri

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2
Q

What connects the 2 hemispheres of the brain?

A

The corpus callosum

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3
Q

What does the corpus callosum contain?

A

Commissural fibres

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4
Q

What lobes does the central sulcus separate?

A

The frontal and parietal lobe

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5
Q

What does the longitudinal fissure separate?

A

The cerebrum, specifically the parietal and frontal lobes from the temporal

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6
Q

What is somatotopy?

A

The mapping of body regions to specific cortical regions (homunculus)

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7
Q

What is the function of the posterior parietal cortex?

A

Integrates sensory inputs and controls perception of the contralateral body/environment

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8
Q

What could damage to the posterior parietal cortex be caused by and result in?

A

Cause:

  • Stroke
  • Alzheimer’s

Result:

  • Hemispatial neglect (especially in right sided damage)
  • Ignoring contralateral side of their body/world
  • Walk into objects
  • Experience contralateral astereognosis
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9
Q

What is the function of the association cortex in the medial occipital/temporal lobe

A

Facial, shape and colour recognition

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10
Q

What is cerebral achromatopsia?

A

Can’t name/point to/match colours

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11
Q

What is Prosopagnosia?

A

Inability to recognise faces

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12
Q

What is Dysphasia/Aphasia?

A

A defect in the power of expression by speech or of comprehending spoken and written language

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13
Q

What would be the consequence of a lesion to Broca’s area?

A

Expresive aphasia. Content correct but slow or missing words

(red)

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14
Q

What would be the consequence of a lesion to Wernicke’s area?

A 
Receptive aphasia (both auditory and reading)
Content incorrect, but speech fluent

(orange)

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15
Q

What would be the consequence of a lesion to the Angular gyrus?

A

Alexia and agraphia (inability to read or write)

(green)

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16
Q

What would be the consequence of a lesion to the primary auditory cortex?

A

Reduction in hearing sensitivity in both ears (mostly contralateral) and loss of stereo perception of sound origin

(blue)

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17
Q

Define ‘Fasciculus’

A

A bundle of fibres sharing a similar function and route of travel

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18
Q

What is the Arcuate fasciculus?

A

It is a bundle of fibres of similar function that travels from Wernicke’s area to Broca’s area

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19
Q

What could damage to the arcuate fasciculus result in?

A

Conductive aphasia; an inability to repeat words or sentences, understand what has been asked but information cant get to Broca’s area to produce the words

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20
Q

What are the two main vessels that supply the cerebrum and the brainstem?

A
  • The internal carotid
  • The vertebral arteries
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21
Q

What vessel do the vertebral arteries come off of?

A

The subclavian artery

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22
Q

How does the vertebral artery enter the skull?

A

Passes up within the transverse foramina and enters the skull via the foramen magnum

23
Q

What vessels make up the Circle of Willis?

A
  • The anterior cerebral artery
  • Anterior communicating artery
  • Posterior cerebral artery
  • Posterior communicating artery
24
Q

What are the choroid plexus and the thalamus supplied by?

A

The Anterior and Posterior Choroidal Arteries

25
Q

What is the diencephalon?

A

The thalamus and hypothalamus

26
Q

What is the limbic system composed of?

A

A rim of cortex (hippocampus and insula) + subcortical nuclei (amygdala group, accumbens, septal and hypothalamic) and multiple input/output tracts.

These structures form a ring around the diencephalon (thalamus and hypothalamus).

27
Q

What are the 5 key structures of the limbic system that are linked to form the Papez circuit?

A
  1. Hippocampus
  2. Fornix
  3. Mamillary bodies
  4. Anterior thalamic nuclei
  5. Cingulate gyrus

… radiates back to the hippocampus

28
Q

Where is the hippocampus located?

A

In the inferomedial temporal lobe

29
Q

What is the key function of the hippocampus?

A

Memory formation and recall

30
Q

What would be the consequence of damage to the hippocampus?

A

Anterograde amnesia; no new memory formation, still able to recall long term memories

31
Q

What is the function of the anterior gyrus? (cingulate gyrus)

A

Autonomic area: cardiorespiratory and digestion, visceral response to emotion, bladder control, emotional modulation of pain

32
Q

What is the function of the posterior gyrus? (cingulate gyrus)

A

Vocal area controlling appropriate sentence construction

Memory, cognition

33
Q

What can increased stimulation of the amygdala do?

A
  • Increase BP/HR
  • Reduce saliva
  • Increase GI motility
  • Cause irritability
  • Startle easily
  • Increase muscle tension
  • Cause pupil dilation
34
Q

What are the symptoms of Kluver-Bucy syndrome?

A
  • Docile, lack of fear/anger
  • Increased appetite
  • Hypersexual
  • Excessive exploratory behaviour with mouth and hands
  • Visual agnosia
  • Memory disorders
35
Q

Which nuclei of the limbic system are involved in dopamine-activated reward circuitry?

A
  • Septal nuclei
  • Nucleus accumbens
36
Q

What fissures does the central sulcus travel between?

A

Longitudinal and lateral

37
Q

What are the main functional areas of the cortex and their functions?

A
38
Q

What symptoms are observed with damage to each of the main functional areas of the cortex?

A
39
Q

What is the function of the medial occipital/temporal lobe? What is the result of a lesion in these areas?

A

Facial shape and colour recognition.

Result of damage:

  • Cerebral achromatopsia - can’t name/point to/match colours.
  • Prosopagnosia - inability to recognise faces.
40
Q

What is associative visual agnosia?

A

See object but do not recognise/distinguish.

41
Q

What is apperceptive visual agnosia?

A

Fail to perceive/see an object.

42
Q

What cerebral artery supplies hearing/speech/language areas? What other symptoms might a patient exhibit if this artery becomes blocked.

A

Middle cerebral artery.

Contralateral paralysis, sensory loss, homonymous hemianopsia aphasia

43
Q

What are some symptoms of split brain?

A

Inability to name objects held in left hand (when blindfolded)

Inability to read left half of visual fields

44
Q

What are the different ways in which blood vessels supplying the brain can be compromised?

A

Vessel occlusion e.g. thrombus or embolus

Aneurysm (often at arterial branch points)

Haemorrhage e.g. trauma to vessel

45
Q

Internal carotid and vertebral arteries supply which areas of the brain?

A

ICA supplies frontal, parietal and superior temporal lobes.

VA supplies occipital and inferior temporal lobes, brainstem and cerebellum.

46
Q

What kind of haemorrhage results if an aneurysm on the circle of Willis?

A

Subarachnoid haemorrhage

47
Q

How might raised ICP affect the PCA as it passes over the tentorium cerebelli?

A

It can cause PCA to become compressed against the tentorium cerebelli leading to infarction in its territory.

48
Q

ACA, MCA and PCA supply which areas of the brain?

A

ACA - superior and medial aspects of frontal and parietal lobes.

MCA - lateral aspect of frontal and parietal lobes, superior temporal lobe and insula.

PCA - inferior temporal and occpital lobes.

49
Q

Which arteries supply which parts of the internal capsule?

A
50
Q

What is the limbic system involved in?

A

Sensations of emotions, visceral responses to emotion, memory

51
Q

What is wernicke-korsakoff syndrome?

A

Mammillary and thalamic damage due to thiamine (Vitamin b) deficiency leading to:

  • Wernicke’s encephalopathy = ataxia, ophthalmoplegia (eye movement abnormality), confusion and dementia
  • Korsakoff syndrome = anterograde amnesia and retrograde amnesia, confabulation (patients insert fabricated memories of long term events into current conversation), hallucinations
52
Q

Compare retrograde amnesia vs anterograde amnesia

A

retro - where you can’t recall memories that were formed before the event that caused the amnesia.

antero - where you find it difficult to form new memories.

53
Q

What can the amygdala bring about reactions of?

A

Fear

Anger

Behavioural emotions - involved in recognising emotional content of faces

Impulsivity

Sexual behaviour and emotions

B3 CAI (13 decks)

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