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B3 CAI > Special Senses > Flashcards

Special Senses Flashcards

1
Q

what sense does CN I convey?

A

olfaction

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2
Q

how do you clinical test CN I?

A

use familiar scents (e.g. orange or coffee)

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3
Q

what are conductive olfactory deficits?

A

processes that prevent odorants from reaching our olfactory epithelium

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4
Q

2 things that can cause conductive olfactory deficits

A

nasal polyps and olfactory meningioma

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5
Q

what are sensorineural olfactory deficits?

A

processes that damage olfactory receptor neurones

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6
Q

what can cause sensorineural olfactory deficits?

A

head injuries, or neurodegenerative disorders such as Alzheimer’s disease

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7
Q

what does CN I innervate?

A

the olfactory mucosa of the superior nasal cavity

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8
Q

what does the olfactory bulb do?

A

send nerve endings through the cribriform plate of the ethmoid bone

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9
Q

what do the olfactory pathways link to?

A

the orbital and piriform cortex, brainstem, limbic system and hypothalamus

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10
Q

why does smell have strong connections to memory?

A

because olfactory pathways connect to the limbic system

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11
Q

where are taste receptors found?

A

most on the tongue, with some also found in the palate/pharynx

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12
Q

describe the features of taste receptor cells

A

modified epithelial cells, with neuron like qualities meaning they regenerate every 15 days, and you can have multiple nerves which innervate one taste bud

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13
Q

where are taste buds in the tongue located?

A

exclusively in papillae, of which there are 3 types

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14
Q

what are the 3 types of papillae in the tongue?

A

fungiform, filiform, vallate

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15
Q

what are the fungiform papillae?

A

where the taste buds in the anterior 2/3rds of the tongue reside

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16
Q

which type of papillae do not contain taste buds?

A

filiform papillae

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17
Q

where are the vallate papillae located?

A

on the dorsal side of the tongue at the junction of the oral and pharyngeal cavities along the sulcus terminalis

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18
Q

what innervates the anterior 2/3rds of the tongue?

A

the facial nerve via the chorda tympani nerve

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19
Q

what innervates the posterior 1/3 of the tongue?

A

glossopharyngeal nerve

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20
Q

why do the anterior 2/3 and posterior 1/3 of the tongue have different innervations?

A

they arise from different pharyngeal arches embryologically

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21
Q

what cranial nerves provide somatic sensory innervation to the tongue?

A

CN Vc via the lingual nerve (anterior 2/3), CN IX (posterior 1/3)

22
Q

which cranial nerves provide taste sensation to the tongue?

A

CN VII via the chorda tympani nerve (anterior 2/3), CN IX (posterior 1/3)

23
Q

what are the vestibular and cochlea apparatus housed in?

A

the petrous temporal bone within a bony labyrinth, which is a bony deficit that creates a space which surrounds both structures

24
Q

what are the vestibular and cochlear apparatus involved in?

A

the perception of sound and the maintenance of balance

25
Q

describe the membranous labyrinth of the vestibular and cochlear apparatus

A

contains endolymph and is suspended within the perilymph filled bony labyrinth

26
Q

what are the endolymph and perilymph involved in?

A

stimulating different parts of the vestibular and cochlear systems, to allow for balance and hearing to occur

27
Q

what is shared between both the vestibular and cochlear systems?

A

fluid

28
Q

what shape is the cochlea arranged in?

A

spirals

29
Q

what is the organ of Corti?

A

floor of membranous labyrinth - the sensory part of the cochlear, which has sensory hair cells that detect vibrations. The nerve endings in the organ of corti eventually gather to become the cochlear portion of the vestibular cochlear nerve.

30
Q

Vibrations transmitted from the oval window in the middle ear travel to where?

A

the perilymph of the cochlea

31
Q

where will high pitched/high frequency, short soundwaves cause displacement?

A

near the oval window, as the vestibular membrane of this membranous labyrinth is narrow and stiff

32
Q

where will longer soundwaves carrying low pitch/low frequency sound cause displacement?

A

more distally along the cochlear coil, as the membranous labyrinth at this point is wider and more flexible

33
Q

what surrounds the organ of Corti?

A

endolymph

34
Q

what will movement of pressure waves through the perilymph cause?

A

distortion and movement of endolymph within the membranous labyrinth, deforming the hairs inside the organ of Corti with these hairs having neural connections and thus when these hairs are deformed, a neurotransmitter is released that is conveyed by the cochlear nerve to the brain

35
Q

how is auditory information distributed to the cortexes?

A

bilaterally but with a dominant hemisphere (left side)

36
Q

why is most sound processed on the left side of the cortex?

A

because the primary auditory cortex is a left-hemisphere dominant sensation

37
Q

will a patient go deaf with a lesion of their left auditory cortex?

A

no as although sound is processed primarily on the left side, there is still bilateral distribution of auditory information, and so the patient will likely just lose sound sensitivity and the stereo placement of sounds

38
Q

what can loss of stereo-placement indicate?

A

a cortical issue

39
Q

what can cause tinnitus?

A

tensor tympani/stapedius contractions, Meniere’s disease, URTI and exposure to loud sounds

40
Q

what does the vestibular system consist of?

A

both a static (utricle and saccule) and a dynamic part

41
Q

what are macula?

A

specialised areas of sensory epithelium found inside both the utricle and saccule

42
Q

what will both the utricle and saccule act via?

A

the vestibulospinal pathway

43
Q

what will the macula provide information relating to?

A

head positioning relative to the trunk, and senses linear acceleration (walking, driving, falling)

44
Q

what does the macula of the utricle do?

A

detects horizontal acceleration (e.g. driving) and is most active with head in flexion or extension

45
Q

what does the macula of the saccule do?

A

detects vertical acceleration (e.g. falling) and is most active with the head held to the side. Extensor activation in a fall as vestibulospina pathway is activated.

46
Q

where does the vestibular nuclei sit?

A

in the pontomedullary brainstem

47
Q

what systems work together to maintain our balance?

A

the vestibular system, proprioceptive system and visual system (we can lose 1 of the inputs, but if we lose 2, we become unstable and lose postural control)

48
Q

what is the Romberg test?

A

a way of testing if we have lost balance by damage to any of the 3 systems involved in maintaining balance (vestibular, proprioceptive, visual)

49
Q

What are anosmia, phantosmia and cacosmia?

A

anosmia - loss of smell

phantosmia - smelling something that isn’t there

cacosmia - unable to recognise smell

50
Q

Is drug use linked to conductive or sensorineural hearing loss?

A

sensorineural

B3 CAI (13 decks)

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