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Year 1 Anatomy > The Skeleton: Lower Limb > Flashcards

The Skeleton: Lower Limb Flashcards

1
Q

What does the lower limb consist of?

A

Thigh, leg and foot

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2
Q

Name the bones of the lower limbs and the joints they articulate

A
  • Thigh: femur, *hip joint *
  • Leg: tibia, patella, fibula
    tibia and patella articulate with femur at knee joint
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3
Q

What are the bones of the foot called

A
  • Tarsals (articulate with tibia/fibula at ankle joint)
  • Metatarsals
  • Phalanges
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4
Q

Label the lower limb

A
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5
Q

What is the pelvic girdle and how is it joined to axial skeleton?

A

Formed by 2 hip bones
Bound to the axial skeleton at the immobile sacro-iliac joints

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6
Q

How is the hip bone formed by 3 elements?

A
  • Ilium
  • Pubis
  • Ischium
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7
Q

Where does the hip bone articulate with the sacrum?

A

Sacroiliac joint

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8
Q

Where is the ilium, pubis or ischium?

A
  • Ilium forms the large curved plate of bone, reaching above the iliac crest
  • The pubis forms the anterior part of the bone, articulating in the midline at the pubic symphysis (second cartiliganous joint)
  • Ischum lies inferior to publus and ilium.
    When sitting, ischial tuberosities support the body weight
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9
Q

Whats the acetabulum?

A
  • Where the ilium, ischium and pubis meet
  • Lateral deep socket which articulates with head of femus at the ball and socket synovial joint
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10
Q

What parts does the femus compose of?

A

Long bone comprising:
* Head
* Neck
* Lesser and greater trochanters
* Shaft
* Medial and lateral femoral condyles
* Articular surfaces

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11
Q

Label knee joint

A
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12
Q

Whats the difference between the tibia and the fibula?

A
  • Tibia is the larger weight bearing bone
  • Thinner lateral fibula associated with muscle attachment
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13
Q

Whats at the distal end of the tibia and fibula?

A
  • Tibia: medial malleolus
  • Fibula: lateral malleolus
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14
Q

How are the tibia and fibula joined together? Do they pronate/supinate?

A
  • Joined at the superior and inferior tibio-fibular joints (fibrous joint - syndesmosis)
  • No pronation or supination
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15
Q

Whats the strong connective tissue membrane which binds the tibia and fibula?

A

The interosseous membrane (functions as an attachment site for muscles)

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16
Q

What bone/part of the body does the tibio-fibular joint articulate with?

A

The tibio-fibular joint articulates with one of the tarsal bones the talus

  • Talus is a synovial hinge joint permitting flexion (plantarflexion) and extension (dorsiflexion) of the foot
17
Q

How many bones are in the foot?

A

26 total
* 7 tarsal
* 5 metatarsal
* 14 phalanges

18
Q

What is the arrangement of tarsal bones (foot)?

A
  • Proximal row comprising talus and calcaneus (heel bone)
  • Single intermediate tarsal
  • The Navicular
  • Distal row of 4 bones, the cuboid and 3 cuneiforms
19
Q

Label bones of the foot

A
19
Q

How are the metatarsal bones arranged?

A
  • Numbered 1-5 medial to lateral
  • Opposite way to the hand because the big toe is medial in anatomical position whereas thumb is lateral

Foot

20
Q

How are the metatarsals composed/articulated?

A
  • Head at distal end articulating with phalanges
  • Shaft and a base articulating with the tarsal bones and eachother
21
Q

Whats connective tissue formed from?

A
  • Cells
  • Fibres (collagen, elastin)
  • Ground substance (extracellular matrix)
22
Q

How are the functions of connective tissue differentiated?

A

By differences in the cell population and constituuents in the ECM

23
Q

Where are cells of connective tissue derived from? What are the types of cells of connective tissue?

A

Cells of connective tissue dervied from mesenchymal cells from the mesoderm layer

  • Fibroblasts are most common cell type. Produce most of the ECM fibres and ground substance. Abundant cytoplasm & proliferate readily
  • Fibrocytes: scanty cytoplasm, less active.

Both are spindle-shaped with oval/thin nuclei

24
Q

Whats the function of collagen and how many types are there?

A
  • Provides strength and rigidity
  • 27 different types, type 1 being most common
25
Q

What are reticular fibres?

A
  • Formed from collagen type 3 forming a mesh-structure
  • Use in supporting parenchyman tissue of organs e.g. liver, spleen, bone marrow
26
Q

Whats the main constituent of ground substance?

A
  • Glycosaminoglycan (GAG) e.g. hyaluronic acid
27
Q

What are the 2 major types of connective tissue?

A
  • Connective tissue proper: further classified as loose or dense. Dense further into regular or irregular
  • Special connective tissues: includes cartilage, bone, adipose and blood
28
Q

What are characteristics of:
* Loose connective tissue
* Dense connective tissue

A
  • Loose: more cells than fibres. Found throughout the body, surrounding blood vessels and organs
  • Dense: more fibres than cells. Found in areas where non-rigid strength required.
  • Dense regular: fibres aligned and more strength (e.g. ligaments or tendons)
  • Dense irregular: not aligned, random, density confers strength
29
Q

What cells form cartilage?

A
  • ECM produced by chondroblasts
  • Chondrocytes are present = mature cells
  • Highly resilient tissue, smooth, shock absorbing, low friction articular surface for joints and permits bone growth
30
Q

Is cartilage vascular? What does this mean?

A
  • Cartilage is avascular
  • Has a low metabolic rate and limited capacity for regeneration following trauma
31
Q

What are the 3 types of cartilage?

A
  • Hyaline: most common, lines articular surfaces of synovial joints
  • Elastic: highly flexible, found in epiglottis, auditory tube and pinna of ear
  • Fibrocartilage: found in secondary cartilaginous joints, including intervertebral discs and pubic smphysis
32
Q

What are the 2 forms of bone tissue?

A
  • Compact bone: outer shell of shafts of long bones and surface of irregular shaped bones, offer great resistance
  • Cancellous bone: lighter and highly porous. More irregular, arrays of struts called trabeculae
33
Q
A
34
Q

What cells are in adipose tissue?
What are the 2 types of

A
  • Adipocytes

Uniocular (white fat):
* pale yellow, makes up 25% of total normal body weight and 20% men
* Storage provides protection (e.g. shock absorb for kidneys)
* Adipocytes large & rounded

Multilocular (brown fat)
* Darker brown due to vascularity and mitochondria
* Main function is thermoregulation

35
Q

Whats the composition of blood?

A
  • Plasma 55%
  • Cells 45%

Blood cells derived from HSC in bone marrow. Multi-potental meaning divide and mature to become any blood cells

36
Q
A

Year 1 Anatomy (16 decks)

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