The Skeleton: Lower Limb Flashcards
What does the lower limb consist of?
Thigh, leg and foot
Name the bones of the lower limbs and the joints they articulate
- Thigh: femur, *hip joint *
- Leg: tibia, patella, fibula
tibia and patella articulate with femur at knee joint
What are the bones of the foot called
- Tarsals (articulate with tibia/fibula at ankle joint)
- Metatarsals
- Phalanges
Label the lower limb
What is the pelvic girdle and how is it joined to axial skeleton?
Formed by 2 hip bones
Bound to the axial skeleton at the immobile sacro-iliac joints
How is the hip bone formed by 3 elements?
- Ilium
- Pubis
- Ischium
Where does the hip bone articulate with the sacrum?
Sacroiliac joint
Where is the ilium, pubis or ischium?
- Ilium forms the large curved plate of bone, reaching above the iliac crest
- The pubis forms the anterior part of the bone, articulating in the midline at the pubic symphysis (second cartiliganous joint)
- Ischum lies inferior to publus and ilium.
When sitting, ischial tuberosities support the body weight
Whats the acetabulum?
- Where the ilium, ischium and pubis meet
- Lateral deep socket which articulates with head of femus at the ball and socket synovial joint
What parts does the femus compose of?
Long bone comprising:
* Head
* Neck
* Lesser and greater trochanters
* Shaft
* Medial and lateral femoral condyles
* Articular surfaces
Label knee joint
Whats the difference between the tibia and the fibula?
- Tibia is the larger weight bearing bone
- Thinner lateral fibula associated with muscle attachment
Whats at the distal end of the tibia and fibula?
- Tibia: medial malleolus
- Fibula: lateral malleolus
How are the tibia and fibula joined together? Do they pronate/supinate?
- Joined at the superior and inferior tibio-fibular joints (fibrous joint - syndesmosis)
- No pronation or supination
Whats the strong connective tissue membrane which binds the tibia and fibula?
The interosseous membrane (functions as an attachment site for muscles)
What bone/part of the body does the tibio-fibular joint articulate with?
The tibio-fibular joint articulates with one of the tarsal bones the talus
- Talus is a synovial hinge joint permitting flexion (plantarflexion) and extension (dorsiflexion) of the foot
How many bones are in the foot?
26 total
* 7 tarsal
* 5 metatarsal
* 14 phalanges
What is the arrangement of tarsal bones (foot)?
- Proximal row comprising talus and calcaneus (heel bone)
- Single intermediate tarsal
- The Navicular
- Distal row of 4 bones, the cuboid and 3 cuneiforms
Label bones of the foot
How are the metatarsal bones arranged?
- Numbered 1-5 medial to lateral
- Opposite way to the hand because the big toe is medial in anatomical position whereas thumb is lateral
Foot
How are the metatarsals composed/articulated?
- Head at distal end articulating with phalanges
- Shaft and a base articulating with the tarsal bones and eachother
Whats connective tissue formed from?
- Cells
- Fibres (collagen, elastin)
- Ground substance (extracellular matrix)
How are the functions of connective tissue differentiated?
By differences in the cell population and constituuents in the ECM
Where are cells of connective tissue derived from? What are the types of cells of connective tissue?
Cells of connective tissue dervied from mesenchymal cells from the mesoderm layer
- Fibroblasts are most common cell type. Produce most of the ECM fibres and ground substance. Abundant cytoplasm & proliferate readily
- Fibrocytes: scanty cytoplasm, less active.
Both are spindle-shaped with oval/thin nuclei
