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Biology > The Skeleton And Muscles > Flashcards

The Skeleton And Muscles Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

What are the functions of the skeleton ?

A

Sharp and support\
Protection\
Movement \
Shape\
Manufacture of blood cells

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2
Q

The axial skeleton consists of

A

The skull
Spine
Sternum
Ribs

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3
Q

The appendicular skeleton consists of

A

The pectoral girdle
The pelvic girdle
The limbs

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4
Q

The spine consists of

A

Cervical
Thoracic
Lumbar
Sacrum
Coccyx

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5
Q

How many vertebrae in the cervical ?

A

7

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6
Q

No. Vertebrae in thoracic?

A

12

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7
Q

No. Vertebrae in the lumbar?

A

5

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8
Q

No. Vertebrae in the sacrum?

A

5

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9
Q

No. Vertebrae in the coccyx?

A

4

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10
Q

12 pairs of ribs are all attached to the spine

A

True ribs 7
False ribs 3
Floating ribs 2

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11
Q

What is collagen?

A

A structural protein. It is fibrous firm and flexible

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12
Q

What is cartilage composed of ?

A

Collagen

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13
Q

Where is cartilage found?

A

In the pinnacle of of the ear, the trachea , at the end of long bones and in the discs between the vertebrae

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14
Q

What is the role of cartilage?

A

Protects the bones by acting as a shock absorber and allows friction free movement

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15
Q

Why is cartilage slower at healing than bones?

A

Because it has no blood vessels or nerves

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16
Q

Where is compact located in the long bone?

A

In the shaft and also around the end of bones

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17
Q

What is compact bone made of?

A

Bone forming cells embedded in a matrix. The matrix is composed of 70% inorganic(non living ) salts such as calcium phosphate and 30% protein (living) called collagen

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18
Q

Where is spongy found?

A

In the ends of bones

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19
Q

What is spongy bone composed of?

A

Contains numerous hollows.Made of bone reforming cells embedded in a matrix. The matrix is composed of 70% inorganic salts such as calcium phosphate and 30% protein called collagen.

20
Q

What are the 2 different bone marrows?

A

Red bone marrow
Yellow bone marrow

21
Q

Red bone marrow

A

Is active
Makes blood cells
In adults
Confined to spongy bone

22
Q

Yellow bone marrow

A

Is inactive
Fat rich
Can convert red bone marrow if body requires increased blood formation

23
Q

What is a joint?

A

Where 2 or more bones meet. They are classified according to the degree of movement they allow

24
Q

Fixed joints

A

Have no movement
Provide strength and protection
In skull and pelvic girdle

25
Q

Slightly moveable joints

A

Allows a limited degree of movement
Between the vertebrae

26
Q

Free movable joints/Synovial joints

A

Ball and socket joints ( shoulder and hip). Allow movement in all directions
Hinge joints (knee and elbow). Allow movement in 1 direction only

27
Q

The function of ligaments

A

Connect bone to bone
Strong, fibrous, slightly elastic

28
Q

The function of tendons

A

Connect muscle to bone
Strong, flexible , inelastic fibres

29
Q

Name a musculoskeletal disorder

A

Osteoarthritis

30
Q

What is osteoarthritis?

A

The wearing down of cartilage in the synovial joints. Underlying bones enlarge and extra synovial fluid is formed

31
Q

What are the symptoms of osteoarthritis

A

Inflammation of he joint
Stiffness
Sore joints

32
Q

Cause of osteoarthritis

A

Wear and tear of the cartilage on the joints
Poor footwear

33
Q

Prevention of osteoarthritis

A

Use of proper footwear
Avoid running on hard surfaces
Swim instead of run

34
Q

Treatment of osteoarthritis

A

Rest
Exercise
Surgery

35
Q

Name the 3 types of muscles

A

Skeletal
Smooth
Cardiac

36
Q

Skeletal muscle

A

Attached to the bones to bring about movement \
Contracts quickly
Tires easily
Voluntary

37
Q

Smooth muscle

A

Found in internal structures , blood vessels , bladder , digestive system and uterus (peristalsis)
Contracts slowly
Slow to tire
Involuntary

38
Q

Cardiac muscle

A

Found in heart
Does not tire
Involuntary

39
Q

What are the antagonistic pairs of muscles?

A

2 muscles that have opposite effects to each other
(Biceps and triceps)

40
Q

What happens when the forearm is raised?

A

Biceps contracts to pull the arm up
Triceps relax

41
Q

What happens when the forearm is lowered?

A

Triceps contract to straighten the arm
Biceps relax

42
Q

What is a flexor muscle?

A

The biceps. It closes the joint

43
Q

What is an extensor muscle?

A

The triceps. It opens the joint

44
Q

What is ossification?

A

The cartilage is continually formed and turned into bone

45
Q

What do osteoblasts produce?

A

Collagen

46
Q

Role of the growth plate ?

A

Increase on the length of the bone

47
Q

What is the growth plate made of?

A

Cartilage which is continuously formed and turned into bone

Biology (5 decks)

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