The Skeleton And Muscles Flashcards
What are the functions of the skeleton ?
Sharp and support\
Protection\
Movement \
Shape\
Manufacture of blood cells
The axial skeleton consists of
The skull
Spine
Sternum
Ribs
The appendicular skeleton consists of
The pectoral girdle
The pelvic girdle
The limbs
The spine consists of
Cervical
Thoracic
Lumbar
Sacrum
Coccyx
How many vertebrae in the cervical ?
7
No. Vertebrae in thoracic?
12
No. Vertebrae in the lumbar?
5
No. Vertebrae in the sacrum?
5
No. Vertebrae in the coccyx?
4
12 pairs of ribs are all attached to the spine
True ribs 7
False ribs 3
Floating ribs 2
What is collagen?
A structural protein. It is fibrous firm and flexible
What is cartilage composed of ?
Collagen
Where is cartilage found?
In the pinnacle of of the ear, the trachea , at the end of long bones and in the discs between the vertebrae
What is the role of cartilage?
Protects the bones by acting as a shock absorber and allows friction free movement
Why is cartilage slower at healing than bones?
Because it has no blood vessels or nerves
Where is compact located in the long bone?
In the shaft and also around the end of bones
What is compact bone made of?
Bone forming cells embedded in a matrix. The matrix is composed of 70% inorganic(non living ) salts such as calcium phosphate and 30% protein (living) called collagen
Where is spongy found?
In the ends of bones
What is spongy bone composed of?
Contains numerous hollows.Made of bone reforming cells embedded in a matrix. The matrix is composed of 70% inorganic salts such as calcium phosphate and 30% protein called collagen.
What are the 2 different bone marrows?
Red bone marrow
Yellow bone marrow
Red bone marrow
Is active
Makes blood cells
In adults
Confined to spongy bone
Yellow bone marrow
Is inactive
Fat rich
Can convert red bone marrow if body requires increased blood formation
What is a joint?
Where 2 or more bones meet. They are classified according to the degree of movement they allow
Fixed joints
Have no movement
Provide strength and protection
In skull and pelvic girdle
Slightly moveable joints
Allows a limited degree of movement
Between the vertebrae
Free movable joints/Synovial joints
Ball and socket joints ( shoulder and hip). Allow movement in all directions
Hinge joints (knee and elbow). Allow movement in 1 direction only
The function of ligaments
Connect bone to bone
Strong, fibrous, slightly elastic
The function of tendons
Connect muscle to bone
Strong, flexible , inelastic fibres
Name a musculoskeletal disorder
Osteoarthritis
What is osteoarthritis?
The wearing down of cartilage in the synovial joints. Underlying bones enlarge and extra synovial fluid is formed
What are the symptoms of osteoarthritis
Inflammation of he joint
Stiffness
Sore joints
Cause of osteoarthritis
Wear and tear of the cartilage on the joints
Poor footwear
Prevention of osteoarthritis
Use of proper footwear
Avoid running on hard surfaces
Swim instead of run
Treatment of osteoarthritis
Rest
Exercise
Surgery
Name the 3 types of muscles
Skeletal
Smooth
Cardiac
Skeletal muscle
Attached to the bones to bring about movement \
Contracts quickly
Tires easily
Voluntary
Smooth muscle
Found in internal structures , blood vessels , bladder , digestive system and uterus (peristalsis)
Contracts slowly
Slow to tire
Involuntary
Cardiac muscle
Found in heart
Does not tire
Involuntary
What are the antagonistic pairs of muscles?
2 muscles that have opposite effects to each other
(Biceps and triceps)
What happens when the forearm is raised?
Biceps contracts to pull the arm up
Triceps relax
What happens when the forearm is lowered?
Triceps contract to straighten the arm
Biceps relax
What is a flexor muscle?
The biceps. It closes the joint
What is an extensor muscle?
The triceps. It opens the joint
What is ossification?
The cartilage is continually formed and turned into bone
What do osteoblasts produce?
Collagen
Role of the growth plate ?
Increase on the length of the bone
What is the growth plate made of?
Cartilage which is continuously formed and turned into bone
